








%* • • * A U <U 







^ 







• ** v \ 







lV 



0*0 






^^ 



*> v 

•3V . N * ' 



O H O 



\/ 







t* — *° V' 

G* 















& *b> 




^\ 




\ <> *'7Yi* ,G V ^ -••►• A * ♦77 7i* -& v 















L^W 



►^ 



m 



<$? 



* 






88- 



*m 



9 

^ script! ve 
with Anno- 




OF "THE 'WORLD 




• :-v- ----- --■ 



22 



,,\ ■> ' ;\,:hy,. 




^*F 



ft 



l|P 



THE 

PENNSYLVANIA 

SYSTEM 

Historical 

and 

Descriptive 

J 



PENNSYLVANIA 

RAILROAD 

SYSTEM 




A DESCRIPTION OF 
ITS MAIN LINES AND 
BRANCHES WITH NOTES 
OF THE HISTORICAL 
EVENTS WHICH HAVE 
TAKEN PLACE IN THE 
TERRITORY CON- 
TIGUOUS 



COPYRIGHT 

PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD 

1916 



GEO. W. BOYD 

Passenger Traffic Manager 
Pennsylvania Railroad 

JAS. P. ANDERSON DAVID N. BELL 

General Passenger Agent General Passenger Agent 

Pennsylvania Railro. 1 Pennsylvania Railroad 



Table of Contents 

Pennsylvania Railroad 



PAGE 

Allegheny Division . . . 44, 45, 48, 49 
Altoona to Pittsburgh . . . . 23 to 29 

Atlantic City Division 13 

Bald Eagle Valley Railroad . . .22, 42 

Baltimore Division 34 to 38 

Bedford Division 22, 23 

Bellefonte Branch 40 

Bellwood Division 22 

Belvidere-Delaware Railroad . . 9, 10 

Bridgeton Branch 14 

Buffalo Division 45 to 47 

Bustleton Branch 10 

Butler Branch 48 

Cape May Division 13, 14 

Chautauqua Branch 48, 49 

Clermont Branch 45 

Columbia & Frederick Branch . . 38 
Columbia & Port Deposit Branch . 32 

Conemaugh Division 26, 48 

Cornwall & Lebanon Railroad ... 17 

Cresson Division 25 

Cumberland Valley Railroad ... 19 

Delaware Division 31 

East Broad Top R. R 20 

Ellsworth Branch 50 

Elmira Division 41 

Emporium Junction to Erie . 43 to 45 
Emporium Junction to Buffalo. 45 to 47 
Freehold and Jamesburg Branch . 9 
Germantown & Chestnut Hill 

Branch 10,11 

Green Spring Branch 37 

Harrisburg to Altoona . . . . 19 to 23 
Harrisburg to Williamsport . 39 to 41 

Hollidaysburg Branch 22,23 

Indiana Branch 26 

Johnsonburg Railroad 43 

Long Island Railroad 6, 7 

Low Grade Branch 43,48 

Lykens Valley Railroad 39 

Manor Branch 27 

Maryland Division 30 to 34 

Maurice River Branch 13 

Media Branch 15, 30 

Middle Division 19 to 23 

Millstone Branch 9 

Milroy Branch 20 



Monongahela Division 5C 

New Holland Branch 1£ 

New York Division 5 to 12 

New York & Long Branch Railroad . £ 
New York, Phila. & Norfolk R. R. . 31 
New York to Philadelphia . . 5 to 12 

Ocean City Branch 13,14 

Penn's Grove Branch 13 

Perth Ambov Branch 8 

Philadelphia' Division . . 14 to 17, 38 
Philadelphia to Harrisburg . . 14 to 17 
Philadelphia to the Seashore . . 13, 14 
Philadelphia to Washington . 30 to 36 
Philadelphia. Baltimore & Wash- 
ington R. R 30 to 36 

Pittsburgh Division 23 to 29. 

Pittsburgh to Brownsville .... 50 

Pittsburgh to Buffalo 48, 49 

Pomeroy & Newark Railroad ... 15 

Popes Creek Branch 34 

Princeton Branch 9 

Redstone Branch 50 

Renovo Division 42 to 45 

Ridgway Branch 43 

Rochester Branch 45 

Salamanca Branch .... 43, 45, 49 

Salem Branch 13 

Schuylkill Division . ... . . . 14 

Shamokin Branch 40 

Sodus Bay Branch 41 

South Fofk Branch 25 

Southwest Branch 26, 27 

Stone Harbor Branch 14| i 

Sunbury Division 20,40 

Susquehanna, Bloomsburg & Ber- 
wick R. R 40 

Trenton Division 8, 9, 10, 13 

Tyrone Division . . . . . . . . 22, 42 

Washington to Harrisburg . . . 37, 38 

West Chester Branch 15 

West Jersey & Seashore Railroad 13, 14 

Wildwoocl Branch 13, 14 

Williamsport Division . . . . 39 to 42 
Williamsport to Canancliagua ... 41 
Williamsport to Emporium Junc- 
tion 42,43 



Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh 



Akron Division 53 

Central Indiana Railwa} r .... 71, 78 

Chartiers Branch 63 

Cincinnati Division .... 70, 76, 77 

Cincinnati to Chicago 78 

Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern R'y 70 
ClevelaUd & Pittsburgh Division 

52, 61, 63, 64 
CoLumbtis to Chicago . . . . 66 to 68 

Columbus to Cincinnati .... 76, 77 

Columbus to Indianapolis via 

Bradford ........ 68,69,70 

Columbus to Indianapolis via 

Xenia and Dayton 70, 71 

Columbus & Newark Division ... 65 
Cresline to Fort Wayne . . . 54 to 56 
Dayton & Western Branch . . . 70, 71 

Dresden Branch 65 

Eastern Division 51 to 53 

Effner Branch 67 

Erie & Ashtabula Division . 52, 59, 60 
Fort Wayne to Chicago . . . 56 to 59 
Grand Rapids & Indiana Rail- 
way 55, 56, 69 

Indianapolis Division .... 66, 68, 69 
Indianapolis to Louisville . . 78 to 80 



Indianapolis to St. Louis ... 71 to 

Logansport Division 66 to 

Louisville Division . . . 69, 78 to 

Mansfield to Toledo 

Marietta Division 64, 

Michigan Division 56, 67, 

Muncie Branch 

New Cumberland Branch .... 63, 

Peoria Division 67, 

Pittsburgh Division 63 to 

Pittsburgh to Cleveland via 

Youngstown 59, 

Pittsburgh to Cleveland via Salem . 
Pittsburgh to Cleveland via Wells- 

ville 

Pittsburgh to Columbus . . .63 to 
Pittsburgh to Crestline . . . .51 to 

Richmond Division 

St. Louis Division 71 to 

Springfield Branch 

Toledo Division 53, 54, 

Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway. 

Vincennes Division 69, 

Waynesburg & Washington Railroad 

Western Division 54 to 

Zanesville Division 65, 




New York to Philadelphia 



New York, the eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania System, with 
a population of 5,006,484, is the second city of the world, the 
commercial metropolis of the United States, and the financial 
center of the American continent. It is, also, the greatest port on the 
globe. 

While the Dutch are always associated with the early settlement of 
New York, it was Giovanni Verrazano, a Florentine in the employ of 
the French King, who first saw Manhattan Island, in 15*24, and a year 
later the Spaniard, Estevan Gomez, sailed into the bay. 

But after the few trading vessels from France had ceased visiting it, it 
remained for Hendrik Hudson to bring it to the interest of the Dutch in 
September, 1609. In 16 L 23, the Dutch West India Company sent thirty 
families to the new land, a few of whom settled on Manhattan Island. 
Three years later, Peter Minuit, director-general of the new colony, bought 
the whole island from the Indian owners for twenty-four dollars' worth of 
beads and ribbons, and christened it New Amsterdam. 

New Amsterdam, which had Bowling Green for its civic center and 
Wall Street as its northern boundary, remained Dutch until 1664, when 
the flag of the British was flung from its civic pole, and New Amsterdam 
became New York, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. 

During the Revolution the growing settlement, which had spread with 
outlying farms and "'bouweries" to Madison Square and then to the 
Harlem River, was occupied by the British and its commerce and trade 
destroyed. But with the peace of 1783 it resumed its growth and eventu- 
ally outstripped all other cities on the Atlantic seaboard. 

It became the great immigration center of the New World and the 
melting pot in which were amalgamated the millions who have come to 
the United States from England, Ireland, France, Scandinavia, Italy, 
Germany, Austria, Russia, Spain, the Balkans and the Far East. 

Despite the compact condition of its residential sections and the enor- 
mous sky-scraping business buildings erected to take care of the millions 
of workers, it overspread the narrow confines of Manhattan Island into 
the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond counties, and created the 
demand for Greater New York, formed by the amalgamation of these five 
boroughs with Manhattan into a Metropolitan District on January 1, 
1898. 

Greater New York has an area of 317 square miles. It has 3,132 miles 
of streets, 1,500 miles of which are paved. It is a city of great contrasts. 
The palatial mansions of upper Fifth Avenue, the handsome apartment 



houses and the magnificent hotels represent the highest type of modern 
opulence; while the East Side contains varied phases of cosmopolitan 
life. 

As a commercial center New York is supreme. Every big industrial 
institution in the country has an office in the city ; vessels leave its hundreds 
of docks for practically every port in the world, and it is extensively 
engaged in manufacturing. The principal industries are sugar refineries, 
tobacco factories, and plants for the making of clothing, chemicals, medi- 
cines, clocks, watches, musical instruments, rope, cordage, iron and steel 
products, boats, ammunition, glassware, silverware, paper, oils, paints, 
soap, starch and matches. In engraving, printing and lithographing the 
city is very prominent. 

All Pennsylvania System trains from and to New York use Pennsyl- 
vania Station, occupying two entire blocks on Seventh and Eighth avenues, 
from Thirty-first to Thirty-third streets. 

This is one of the largest railroad terminals in the world, having a 
frontage of 430 feet on each avenue and 784 feet on each street. The 
station proper covers an area of eight acres and the tracks and yards 
beneath it, twenty-eight acres. 

The main entrance is on Seventh Avenue, at the intersection of Thirty- 
second Street, and there are entrances and exits on each of the streets and 
to Thirty-fourth Street. There are three levels in the building. An arcade 
on the street leve*, r • ...ked by shops, leads by a wide flight of steps to the 
waiting room and concourse, both the largest rooms of their kind in the 
world. The train level, containing twenty-one tracks and eleven plat- 
forms, is reached by a gradual descent and by elevators. 

Pennsylvania Station is also used by the Long Island Railroad, a sub- 
sidiary of the Pennsylvania System. Within a few blocks of the Flatbush 
Avenue Station, Brooklyn, of this railroad, was fought the Battle of Brook- 
lyn Heights on August 27, 1776, when Washington and the Continental 
Army narrowly escaped being wiped out of existence. 

The Long Island Railroad has three stems. The central line runs 
through the heart of Long Island, through a number of fine towns to 







RIVERSIDE DRIVE, NEW YORK CITY 



Greenport. The line to Montauk Point, noted for the camp established 
there after the Spanish- American War, extends along the Atlantic Ocean, 
while the line to Wading River passes along the shore of Long Island 
Sound. 

Leaving Pennsylvania Station, the passenger to the West or South', 
passes under the new post-office, through an open cut between Ninth and 
Tenth avenues, and enters the land section of the Hudson River tubes. 
These twin tubes of steel and concrete, laid seventy feet below the surface 
of the river, after passing the river section, run under the city of Hoboken, 
pierce the solid rock of Bergen Hill and emerge in New Jersey. From the 
Bergen Hill portal there is a double-track standard railroad, elevated 
above the Hackensack Meadows, to Manhattan Transfer, where it joins 
the old line of the New York Division. The elevated line is five miles long 
and crosses the Hackensack River, three railroads, and numerous high- 
ways, all above grade. 

At Manhattan Transfer the downtown line unites with the line from 
Pennsylvania Station. A large number of electric trains are operated 
between Hudson Terminal, at Cortlandt and Church streets, through 
the Hudson and Manhattan tubes, and over the Pennsylvania Railroad's 
surface line from Jersey City to Manhattan Transfer and Newark. 

Jersey City, with 293,921 inhabitants, the second city of the State of 
New Jersey, both in size and manufacturing interests, grew from the 
little settlement of Paulus Hook, which lay in the present city about 
opposite the Battery in New York. It was a fortified post during the 
Revolution, and the scene of two spirited engagements between the 
Americans and the British. The first steam ferry service in the world 
was operated between Paulus Hook and New York by a steam ferry 
boat constructed by Robert Fulton in 1812. 

To-day, Jersey City fronts for five miles on the Hudson River, directly 
opposite downtown New York; its northern limits reach Hoboken and 
its southern, Bayonne. The shipping interests are second only to New 
York, and the products of its mills and factories include tobacco, iron 
and steel boilers, lead pencils, brass, copper, pottery, glass, varnish and 
hundreds of other articles of trade' and commerce. It is the meat market 
of New York and the cold storage capital of the country. 

Jersey City was the eastern rail terminus of the Pennsylvania System 
until the Pennsylvania Station was opened on November 26, 1910. A num- 
ber of steam trains are still operated in and out of the Jersey City Station, 
but the bulk of the travel is handled on the electric line which connects 
New York, Manhattan Transfer, and Newark by a most comprehensive 
service of fast trains. 

Newark, just across the Passaic River from Manhattan Transfer, 
with a population of 389,106, is the largest city in the State. It 
is a hive of industry, and on account of the extent and diversity 
of its manufactured products it ranks eleventh in the manufacturing 
cities of the country. 

There is hardly a household in the land that does not use some 
product of Newark. The housekeeper uses its cotton and thread, the 
farmer its implements, the manufacturer its machinery, the store- 
keeper its varied output of leather, metal, and brass. The first celluloid 
was made here and it is here extensively manufactured into many 
forms of useful things. 

Newark, which has just passed its two hundred and fiftieth birthday, has 
always been enterprising and progressive, and the first bank organized in 
New Jersey was located here in 1804. Newark's suburban section, the 
"Oranges" and other smaller settlements, are famed for the beauty of 
their residences. 



^ 




1 «• 






TRACK TANKS BETWEEN NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA 

The tracks of the Pennsylvania System pass through Newark and the 
great freight transfer yards at Waverly at an elevation to 

Elizabeth, a thriving town of 82,411 inhabitants. It has a number of 
factories, and it is the residence of many engaged in business in New York 
and neighboring cities. Elizabeth boasts of an old inn where General 
Washington stopped on his way to New York for his inauguration; and 
at what was then called Elizabethport the presidential party left their 
traveling coaches and took ship for New York. 

Rahway, with a population of about 10,000, has a number of manu- 
facturing plants. It is the junction point with the line that extends to the 
southeast to Perth Amboy, South Amboy, and all the resorts on the 
"upper" Jersey Coast. These include Long Branch, one of the oldest 
seashore resorts in the United States, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove the 
great camp meeting ground, Spring Lake and the many settlements around 
Barnegat Bay. From South Amboy, a line extends to Camden, which 
formed part of the original Philadelphia-New York line, and over which 
the old "John Bull" locomotive, now in the National Museum at Wash- 
ington, ran in 1834 for the first time. 

Continuing on past the beautiful golf course of the Colonia Country 
Club, and the suburban settlement at Iselin, one comes to 

Menlo Park, a country town which is noted the world over from 
its connection with Thomas A. Edison, scientist and inventor. It was 
here, about 1876, that Edison established his laboratory, and his reputa- 
tion as "The Wizard of Menlo Park" and one of the foremost inventors 
of the world. Here was made the first phonograph. 

Between Menlo Park and Metuchen, one of the older towns of this 
section of New Jersey, the railroad passes through a most picturesque 
valley and on into the characteristic section of red gravel surrounding 

New Brunswick, on the western bank of the Raritan River, with 
a population of 24, 827. Its factories turn out cigars, rubber goods, 
medical supplies, knit goods and wall paper. It is the seat of Rutgers 
College, founded in 1766. The town was the scene of much military ac- 
tivity during the Revolution, and was occupied by the British in the win- 
ter of 1776-77. 

A great double-track stone bridge carries the tracks over the river into 



the city, and they are continued through the city limits on an elevated 
viaduct. 

From New Brunswick, a branch line extends to East Millstone, a little 
town on the banks of the Millstone River, one of the tributaries of the 
Raritan. 

Monmouth Junction is the connecting point with the seashore line 
to Sea Girt, Long Branch, Asbury Park, and Point Pleasant. About mid- 
way on this line, between Englishtown and Freehold, the railroad bisects 

Monmouth Battlefield, where on June 28, 1778, the British forces, who 
had recently evacuated Philadelphia, were attacked by Washington's 
troops. Here it was that General Lee received the historic rebuke 
from Washington of "ill-timed prudence," when he ordered an inex- 
plicable retreat before Cornwallis' men, and here Moll Pitcher, a water 
carrier, helped to man a cannon when her husband was killed before 
her eyes. 

Princeton, three miles from the main line at Princeton Junction, is not 
only the seat of Princeton University, but is invested with much historical 
interest. It was the first capital of New Jersey, and the Federal Congress 
sat there in the summer of 1783. During the Revolution it was both a 
camp and battleground. After the battle of Trenton, General Washington, 
in his efforts to drive the British out of New Jersey, attacked their forces 
under Colonel Mawhood, encamped at Princeton, and defeated them 
after a hot fight on January 3, 1777. It has a population of 5,136. 

Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, with a population of 106,831, 
thrives on its industries. Its potteries are widely celebrated, its rubber 
factories well known, and its wire and cable products are widely used. 
It is located on the eastern bank of the Delaware River at the head of 
navigation by small steamers. 

Trenton's history extends far back through the ages, so it is claimed by 
scientists who have deduced from relics dug up in the alluvial sands 
that pre-historic man made his habitat here beside the river in the Ice 
Age. Here, too, was a headquarters of the famous Lenni Lenape or 
Delaware Indians. 

Trenton was an active center of interest during the Revolution. The 
battle of Trenton, fought on the early morning of December 26, 1776, 
was preceded by the memorable passage of the Delaware by General 
Washington, and it resulted in the freeing of Western New Jersey from 
the Hessian mercenaries. To drive the Hessians out, General Washington 
assembled his army in various positions, stretching for miles along the 
western bank of the Delaware River, with orders for a concentrated attack 
on Trenton in the night. The general movement miscarried, but General 
Washington, with 2,400 men and eighteen pieces of artillery, forced a 
crossing of the icy river and attacked the Hessian garrison before it had 
entirely recovered from its Christmas revelries. The commander of the 
troops and a number of the foreign soldiers were killed, and the entire 
force of survivors were captured. 

Trenton is the junction point with the Belvidere-Delaware Railroad ex- 
tending northward along the Delaware River to the Delaware Water Gap 
and the Pocono Mountains. 

Washington's Crossing, lying about ten miles north of Trenton on this 
line is the point where Washington with the main body of his troops crossed 
the river on Christmas night, 1776, for the attack on Trenton. It was 
then known as McConkey's Ferry. 

Phillipsburg, with its sister city, Easton, Pa., a little over fifty miles 
north of Trenton, was the Lenni Lenape chief village, known as Chinkte- 
wunk. To-day the cities have a combined population of about 45,000. At 
Easton is Lafayette University, a noted educational institution. 

9 



North of Phillipsburg, this branch of the Pennsylvania System extends 
to the Delaware Water Gap, where the river breaks through the mountain 
wall in a deep gorge, and Stroudsburg, the gateway for the beautiful 
Pocono Mountain region. 

A branch line also extends along the feeder of the Delaware and Raritan 
canal south from Trenton to 

Bordentown, the original south terminus of the first rail line in New 
Jersey, and noted as the one-time residence of Jerome Bonaparte, brother 
of Napoleon Bonaparte. This branch connects with the old Camden and 
Amboy line from South Amboy to Camden, extending through the two- 
century old town of 

Burlington, one of the earliest settlements in New Jersey. 

At the middle of the railway bridge, just west of Trenton, the main line 
of the railroad crosses the boundary line between New Jersey and Penn- 
sylvania. 

Morrisville, at the western end of the Trenton Bridge, was named for 
Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution. Here the low-grade freight 
line, which runs from the Susquehanna River below Harrisburg through 
Pennsylvania, unites with the main line for New York. 

Beyond Morrisville the railroad extends through what was once known 
as Penn's Manor, a reservation made by the founder of the city of Phila- 
delphia for a country estate, to Bristol, an old town with 10,172 people 
and large textile mills, and thence on along the Delaware River, past a 
number of charming suburban towns to 

Torresdale, a pretty settlement along the picturesque banks of 
Poquessing Creek, which marks the northeastern boundary of the city of 
Philadelphia. 

Holmesburg Junction, with the grim stone walls of the Philadelphia 
House of Correction dominating the scene, marks the divergence of the 
branch line to the quaint old town of Bustleton, back in the hills. 

Tacony and Wissinoming, with their great saw mills and cordage plants, 
Bridesburg with its important Government arsenal, and Frankford, noted 
for its textile mills, mark the way to 

Frankford Junction, where the Delaware River Bridge Line to 
Atlantic City and Cape May connects with the main line. 

North Philadelphia, the Philadelphia station for many of the through 
trains between New York and the West, lies just west of Broad Street, 
Philadelphia's widest avenue. It is also the junction point with the Chest- 




THE DELAWARE RIVER AT BURLINGTON 
10 




INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA 



nut Hill branch extending through the Germantown section, where was 
fought the Battle of Germantown around the old Chew House, October 
4, 1777, in the occupation of Philadelphia by the British. 

West Philadelphia is the station for West Philadelphia and also 
the Philadelphia station for many of the through trains to points south of 
Washington. 

Crossing the Schuylkill River, Philadelphia trains continue to Broad 
Street Station, a distance of one mile. 

Philadelphia, the home city of the Pennsylvania Railroad, third city 
of the United States, and eleventh of the world, has a population of 1,657,- 
810. It is one of the most noted manufacturing centers in the country, 
and it has the greatest percentage of one-family homes of any of the large 
cities of the United States. 

While it is probable that Cornelius Mey sailed up the Delaware as far 
as Philadelphia in 1614, the first actual settlement here was made about 
1638, by the Swedes, whose central colony was at Wilmington. In 1655, 
Stuyvesant conquered the Swedes, but Dutch rule was doomed to a short 
life, for the English obtained possession of the Delaware country in 1664, 
and William Penn, the English Quaker, became Proprietary of the whole 
section now embraced in Pennsylvania and Delaware, in 1681. 

Penn came to Philadelphia in 1682, and at once laid out the town, 
extending then from the Delaware back to about Eighth Street, and from 
Vine Street to South Street. It was during this visit that he made ^his 
famous treaty with the Delaware Indians, under the tree, which until a 
few years ago stood in Penn Treaty Park. 

The little town grew with the years until it was, prior to the Revolution, 
the leading commercial city of the Colonies. It was also a center for 
learned societies and a prominent outpost for the religious societies of the 
old world. 

While its Quaker population were bitterly opposed to war it became 
the storm center of the American Revolution— for here, in Carpenter's 
Hall, met the first American Congress in September, 1774, and in Inde- 
pendence Hall, erected as a city building in 1729, convened the Second 
Congress, in 1775, which adopted and signed the Declaration of Independ- 
ence^on July 4, 1776, proclaiming American liberty to the civilized world. 
From Philadelphia, Washington went forth to take command of the 
Continental Army, and here, on October 4, 1777, in the streets of German- 
town, he met the British, who had occupied the city after the battle of the 
Brandy wine. 

11 



Philadelphia remained the capital of the United States until 1800, the 
convention being held here that drafted the Constitution during June, 
1787. Here Washington was inaugurated First President. Here was 
established the first United States Bank. 

In 1854, the original city was consolidated with thirteen outlying town- 
ships and boroughs and the city limits made coterminous with the county 
limits. During the Civil War Philadelphia took a large part in the raising 
of troops, and here, in 1876, was held the Centennial Exposition, the first 
of the great World Fairs in this country. 

Philadelphia is distinguished for the great variety of its manufactured 
products. The leading industries are the manufacture of machinery, loco- 
motives, iron ware, saws, hardware, ships, carpets, woolen and cotton 
goods, leather, sugar, drugs and chemicals. It is also the home of a large 
number of printing and publishing plants. The manufactories include 
10,000 separate establishments, representing a capital investment of $500,- 
000,000, employing 250,000 wage earners, and the value of the total 
output is estimated at $1,000,000,000. 

Broad Street Station, fronting the City Hall at Broad and Market 
streets, and accommodating all of the suburban service of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad, except the New Jersey lines, and the greater part of 
the through service, occupies two blocks with the covered train shed 
over the sixteen passenger tracks which enter the station on an elevated 
viaduct. The ticket offices and baggage rooms are on the ground 
floor and the general waiting rooms on the train floor. The main 
office of the Pennsylvania Railroad occupies eight office floors above the 
station proper. 

The Pennsylvania System also maintains a station at the foot of Market 
Street on the Delaware River for the service over its seashore and other 
lines extending from Camden, N. J. 



>J 





u 

aBffH jKjP [Eljf[[|£ 
■WHTObff r 



H ffttnlri|rt 

m4i * tf w 




snip 

u 



BROAD STREET STATION, PHILADELPHIA 




12 



rsfcf 








ATLANTIC CITY BOARD WALK 



Philadelphia to the Seashore 

IN order that it may afford the traveling public the most complete service 
possible to the Forty Beaches along the New Jersey Coast between 
Cape May and Long Branch, the Pennsylvania Railroad provides 
train service to these seashore points from two terminal stations in Phila- 
delphia — Broad Street Station and Market Street Wharf. 

The route to the North Jersey resorts from Broad Street Station 
via Monmouth Junction and Sea Girt has been rioted in the previous 
section. 

Delaware River Bridge trains from Broad Street Station to Atlantic 
City, Cape May, Wildwood, Ocean City and other resorts, after crossing 
the Delaware beyond Frankford Junction, pass the old town of Haddon- 
field, where the Continental Congress held many sessions, and on through 
the pine-belt of New Jersey to the wide beaches on the sandy strip beyond 
the great salt marshes that border the seaward side of southern New 
Jersey. 

From Market Street Wharf a ferry service leads across the Delaware 
to Camden, whence lines reach across the State of New Jersey to Sea 
Side Park, Sea Girt and Beach Haven ; to Atlantic City over the route of 
the half-century-old Camden & Atlantic Railroad, now an integral part of 
the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad, and through the heart of the old 
province of West Jersey, early settled by English Quakers and Swedes, to 
the southern part of the State. 

It is interesting to note that about midway between Mt. Holly on the 
Sea Side Park line, and Hammonton, on the Atlantic City Division, was 
located the first Indian reservation. Here, at Indian Mills, the remnant 
of the Delaware Indian tribe were placed in 1758, and later removed to 
their present reservation in Oklahoma. 

The electric line to Atlantic City follows the main route of the old 
West Jersey Railroad south from Camden to Newfield through a number 
of settlements and towns that date back before the Revolution. Thence 
it turns directly across the State, through the pine belt to Atlantic City. 

About three miles west of Westville Station, on this line, is the old 
battlefield of Red Bank and Fort Mercer, the scene of a bloody engage- 
ment between the colonists and British October 22, 1777. 

From Woodbury, branch lines extend to Penn's Grove and to Salem. 
On the Penn's Grove lines are great powder works, and the Salem line 
taps a wonderfully fertile trucking section. 

13 



From Glassboro, a branch line extends to Bridgeton, and from New- 
field the electric line continues to Vineland and Millville. Beyond the 
latter station the old steam route to Cape May extends through the pines, 
with branches running to Ocean City, Stone Harbor and Wildwood Crest. 

From Manumuskin Station just south of Millville, a branch extends to 
Maurice River, the home of the famed Maurice River oysters. 

Philadelphia to Harrisburg 

Westbound trains from Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, follow 
the same route traversed by trains from New York to a point 
some distance beyond West Philadelphia Station and thence 
skirt the upper borders of West Philadelphia to 

Fifty-second Street station, where the Schuylkill Division branches 
away to the north to follow the Schuylkill River through Reading to 
Pottsville, at the foot of the Broad Mountain range. 

Valley Forge, the historic winter quarters of the Continental Army in 
1777-1778, is situated in the eastern end of the Chester Valley and upon 
the hills on the western bank of the Schuylkill about eighteen miles north 
of Fifty-second Street, near Betzwood Station. 

Pottstown, forty miles from Philadelphia on this line, is historically 
celebrated as Pott's Grove, the camping place of Washington's Army 
just before the battle of Germantown. It has a population of 16,408. 

Reading, lying at the foot of two elevations of the South Mountain, 
known as Mt. Penn and Neversink Mountain, ranks third among the 
industrial cities of Pennsylvania. It was founded by Thomas and Rich- 
ard Penn, sons of William Penn, and named after the city of Reading in 
England, their birthplace. It is a center of the Pennsylvania German 
settlements in Berks County, of which it is the county seat, and has a 
population of 103,361. 

Pottsville, the northern terminus of the Schuylkill Valley Division, is 
noted as having been witness to the discovery of coal and its initial use in 
producing heat and energy. Samuel Potts, one of the earliest settlers in 
this section, dug the first piece of coal out of his land within the present 
boundaries of the city in 1798. It was not until 1806 that a blacksmith 
named Daniel Beath, also resident in Pottsville, used this black rock that 
burned in his smithy. To-day Pottsville, with 21,684 inhabitants, is the 
metropolis of the Schuylkill and Broad Mountain anthracite districts. 

The through route between Philadelphia and Wilkes-Barre extends 
north from Pottsville to Hazleton and into the valley of the north branch 
of the Susquehanna. 

Overbrook, within the western limits of Philadelphia, is the beginning 
of a stretch of suburban territory, which, in natural beauty, artistic envi- 
ronment, and wealth of architectural effect is not surpassed in the world. 
Station after station, including Merion, Narberth, Wynnewood, Ardmore, 
Haverford, Bryn Mawr, Rosemont, Villa Nova, Radnor, Strafford, Devon, 
Berwyn, Daylesford, and Paoli, contain the stately homes and country 
seats of wealthy citizens, who vie with each other in the adornment of the 
grounds and gardens. 

Many of the houses and grounds may be seen from the train, but they 
extend for miles on both sides of the railroad in a country which is as 
celebrated for its landscape beauty as it is famous for its fertility. The 
old Lancaster Pike, which plays hide-and-seek with the line, is one of the 
famous old highways of the country and was the original trail, and after- 
wards turnpike, between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. 

Paoli, the terminus of suburban electric train service, is a very old settle- 
ment, and its famous inn, named for Pasquale di Paoli, the Corsican hero, 

14 




THE CHESTER VALLEY 



dates back over two hundred years. About two miles from Paoli, near 
Malvern Station, is the scene of the "Paoli Massacre." Here, September 
20, 1777, a detachment of Americans under General Wayne was surprised 
by a night attack of a British force under General Grey. Little resistance 
could be offered by the sleeping soldiers and 53 Americans were slain. 

Frazer is the junction of the branches leading to West Chester and 
Phoenixville. 

West Chester, originally settled as Turk's Head in the very early 
days of Pennsylvania, received its present name in 1786, when it be- 
came the county seat of Chester County. It has a population of 12,732. 

Beyond Frazer, going west, a magnificent view of the famous Chester 
Valley may be had from the right hand side of the train. This valley is 
one of the richest and most productive sections of the State, as is fully 
evidenced by the fine farms that bound the road. It is also hard to match 
in the beauty of its landscape. 

Downingtown is an old settlement, and still contains many of the original 
homes of its early settlers. It figured in the Revolution as a barracks 
for soldiers and prisoners. From Downingtown, a branch line extends 
to the northwest to New Holland and over the low Welsh Mountain to 
Lancaster through wonderful farm lands. 

Coatesville is a manufacturing city of 13,369 people, with large iron 
mills and other factories that make it an industrial center. On the western 
border of the town the road crosses the Brandy wine Creek on a high 
stone bridge, from which there is a view of the valley and the mills. 

A few miles to the south, at Chadd's Ford, the battle of Brandywine 
was fought September 11, 1777. The engagement was between a British 
and allied force of 18,000 men commanded by General Howe, and a de- 
tachment of 13,000 Continental troops under General Washington. 

Pomeroy marks the junction of the branch line leading south through 
the hills to Newark, Del. 

Parkesburg, half-way between Philadelphia and Columbia, was the 
location of the railroad shops when the original railroad was owned by 
the State. The executive offices of the railroad were also located there. 

Christiana, a quiet and peaceful town, was the scene of a serious riot 
in 1851, caused by the attempted enforcement of the fugitive slave laws. 
A native of Maryland, who had followed his runaway slaves into the 
State, was killed in the affray and several others were wounded. 

15 



Gap is the highest point between the Schuylkill and Susquehanna 
rivers. It is so named from the opening in the hills between the Chester 
and Pequea Valleys. Beyond is 

Lancaster County, which has had a remarkable history. Part of the 
domain of the Five Nations who roamed in mastery over the Susque- 
hanna Valley, the incursion of German and Irish settlers, in 1700, drove 
the Red Men west. Later came the Mennonites, religious immigrants, who 
survive as the Dunkards, thrifty farmers, under whose care the fertile 
soil of the county has made it one of the garden spots of the world. It is 
a tobacco center as well. The Dunkard farmers still retain their simple 
dress and habits. 

The valley of the Conestoga Creek, which is crossed in the eastern 
suburb of Lancaster, was noted for the fine grade of work horses bred 
there. Teams of these horses, geared six to an enormous covered wagon, 
moved all the freight locally and between the East and West in the early 
days. It is uncertain whether the name of the wagon was derived from 
the horses or the location, but the " Conestoga Wagon," until the advent of 
steam railroads, was the highest type of vehicle for freight transportation. 

The Indian village of Conestoga, near Lancaster, was the scene of a 
tragic incident in 1763, known as the "Conestoga Massacre." After 
Braddock's defeat, the hostile Indians began to plunder and burn the 
homes of the white settlers and murder their families. These outrages 
became so numerous and brutal that the settlers, under the guidance of 
the "Paxton Boys," a kind of self-appointed vigilance committee, deter- 
mined on revenge. They attacked the village of a friendly tribe, burned 
it, and slew as many of the Indians as they could find. The survivors 
were taken to Lancaster and protected by the authorities in the work- 
house, but taking advantage of the absence of the guards at church the 
avengers stormed the workhouse and murdered the remainder of the tribe. 

Lancaster, with a population of 49,685, is the county seat of Lancaster 
County. The city is extensively engaged in manufacturing, its products 
being cigars, cotton goods, watches, shoes, and iron and steel goods. 
It is also the seat of Franklin and Marshall College. 

Lancaster has never been the scene of real hostilities, but it was active 
in both Colonial and Revolutionary times in fitting out expeditions and 
as a military station. Benjamin Franklin, by his personal efforts, fitted 
out the supply department of Braddock's expedition against Fort Duquesne 









MASONIC HOME AT ELIZABETHTOWN 



16 



in 1753, and Lancaster County contributed l 250 wagons and as many pack 
horses to carry supplies and provide for the sick and wounded. 

The original line of the railroad lay through the city of Lancaster, and 
ran thence to Columbia, where it met the canal and passengers were 
transferred to the packet boats. When the canal was abandoned, the line 
was extended along the north bank of the Susquehanna to Harrisburg. 
Later on a cut-off was built from a point just east of Lancaster, forming 
the hypothenuse of the triangle, which joined the old line again near 
Middletown. Some of the fastest through trains run over this cut-off. 

Columbia, with a population of 11,454, twelve miles southwest of 
Lancaster, was settled by Quakers in 1726. It is very attractively located 
on the river and maintains a number of industries. When the selection of 
a site for the National Capital was agitated in 1789, Columbia's claims 
were strongly urged. 

Beyond Lancaster, the main line of the railroad turns northwestward 
toward the valley of the Susquehanna River. To the west may be seen 
the ridge of high hills that enclose the river for many miles of its course, 
and to the north the low, flat summit of the Blue Mountain soon comes 
into view. 

Mt. Joy, a busy town of about two thousand people, is the center of 
a fine agricultural district. 

Elizabethtown, an old settlement in a beautiful location, is the site of 
the State Masonic Home for aged and infirm members of the Order. The 
buildings may be seen from the train on the south side of the tracks. The 
lands surrounding comprise a thousand acres. 

Conewago, on Conewago Creek, over which the railroad crosses, is 
the junction with the line to the north through the scenic and fertile 
Lebanon Valley to Mt. Gretna and the city of Lebanon. A wide, stony 
swale, in marked contrast to the general features of the land, is crossed 
just east of Conewago. It runs north and south, and local tradition credits 
it with being the path of the so-called "underground railroad," by which 
fugitive slaves passed from the Southern border to the North and Canada. 

Middletown, backed by agriculture, is also a manufacturing center 
and a shipping point for the stone quarries of the vicinity. It has a popu- 
lation of 5,374. On the left of the tracks a fine view of the Susquehanna 
River spreads out like a great panorama. Swatara Creek flows past its 
eastern boundary. 

Steelton won its present name in 1880. Besides containing one of the 
great steel plants of the country, it has also lumber mills, flour mills, brick 
works and machine shops, and a population of 15,126. 

Harrisburg, with a population of 69,493, is the State capital of Penn- 
sylvania. The city was founded in 1785 by John Harris, and for a num- 
ber of years was known as Harris' Ferry. It became the capital of the 
State in 1812, and was the center of great activity during the Civil War, 
particularly during the Gettysburg campaign. Grave fears of its cap- 
ture were entertained and heroic measures were taken for its defense. 
Colonel Thos. A. Scott, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and 
also Assistant Secretary of War, in conjunction with Pennsylvania's war 
governor, Hon. Andrew G. Curtin, made their headquarters in the old 
station, and directed the movements for the transportation of troops 
through the military telegraph system which was organized there for the 
first time in war history. 

The iron, steel and lumber interests of Harrisburg are large. The manu- 
facture of machinery, boilers, castings, brooms, cars, leather, lumber, 
textiles, typewriters, boots and shoes and other products is extensive. 
The State capitol, a magnificent edifice on a high point overlooking the 
city and the valley, is the crowning feature of the city. 

17 



i - 

■i 






Harrisburg is the junction point with the Pennsylvania System's line 
between Baltimore, Williamsport, Canandaigua, Buffalo and Erie. The 
Cumberland Valley Railroad, an allied line of the Pennsylvania, running 
through the famous Cumberland Valley, tapping the cities of Chambers- 
burg and Carlisle, Hagerstown, Md., and ending at Winchester, Va., 
connects with the parent road in the union station here. On this line 
the site of old Fort Loudon, in the Blue Ridge foothills, is reminiscent of 
Braddock's campaign against the French, and Chambersburg and Carlisle, 
of the Confederate drives into Pennsylvania in 1863 and 1864. 

Harrisburg to Altoona 

Westbound trains leaving the station at Harrisburg afford a 
glimpse of Pennsylvania's imposing State Capitol on the hill to 
the left, and winding through one of the big freight yards of the 
System, skirt the base of Blue Mountain, as it rises in verdant majesty 
above the town of Rockville and enter upon the great Rockville Bridge 
across the Susquehanna River, the longest stone-arch bridge in the world. 
The bridge is four-fifths of a mile in length, fifty-two feet wide, and car- 
ries four tracks. It has forty-eight arches of seventy feet with a rise of 
twenty feet, and is built with 200,000 tons of stone. From the bridge are 
wide and fine views of the river, north and south, with its rocky shoals and 
green islands dotting the surface of the water. To the north are precipi- 
tous Second and Peter's mountains, with an average altitude of 1,000 feet. 

Following the course of the river through the gaps, presenting with 
every turn a new panorama of beauty, the railroad passes 

Duncannon, a town engaged in iron-working and other industries, 
marking the mouth of the Juniata River. A magnificent view to the east 
of the Susquehanna, Duncan's Island, washed by the waters of the two 
rivers and the scene of many conflicts between the settlers and the Indians, 
and the high hills may be enjoyed as the train curves westward into the 
Juniata Valley. 

The "Blue Juniata," celebrated in song and story, is inseparably 
connected with the history and tradition of Pennsylvania. It was the 
Indian waterway between the East and West, as the trail along its banks 
was the highway. The Juniata also served in the early days of the Republic 
as part of the canal and portage railroad route between Columbia and 
Pittsburgh. One may see at many places between Harrisburg and Tyrone 
the remains of the Pennsylvania Canal, which went out of existence as a 
traffic carrier with the advent of the railroad. 

Through the series of valleys which the river has cut for itself through 
the mountains, the railroad follows a hundred-mile course almost to the 
source of the stream high on the slopes of the Alleghenies. The tracks 
cross the river many times in this distance, owing to the curves of the 
stream. 

The wide and famed Tuscarora Valley, lying at the foot of Tuscarora 
Mountain, exceedingly fertile and kept in a high state of cultivation 
mainly by the descendants of the Scotch-Irish immigrants who came thither 
about 1751, extends for about thirty miles through Newport, entry sta- 
tion to the prosperous Sherman's Valley deep in the Tuscarora, and 
Millerstown, seat of the Juniata Valley Normal School, to 

Mifflin, settled in 1749. Hard by, in order to protect them from the 
ravages of the Indians, the settlers built Fort Bingham, which was de- 
stroyed by the savages, who killed or captured all the settlers. Numerous 
Indian massacres occurred in this section, and it was not until after the 
Revolution that white men could live in the valley in security. Leaving 
Mifflin, the line passes through the imposing gorge of 

19 




LEWISTOWN NARROWS 

Lewistown Narrows, a narrow gap lying between Log Mountain, on 
the south, and Shade Mountain, on the north. The mountains rise abruptly 
from the river level in many places to a great height, their sides covered 
with a dense forest growth, creating the impression of a deep shadow in 
the gorge. Here and there the sides are broken, and indented ravines 
and bare boulders stand out in naked wildness. 

Lewistown Junction, at the western gateway of the Narrows, is the main 
line station for Lewistown, at the head of the beautiful Kishicoquillas 
Valley, and junction point with the Sunbury Division extending through the 
valley at the foot of Jack's Mountain, northeast to Selinsgrove and Sun- 
bury, on the Susquehanna, and of the branch to Milroy. 

A mile above Lewistown the settlers built Fort Granville, which, after 
Braddock's defeat, was destroyed by the Indians and French and the 
garrison killed or captured. This valley was also the home of Logan, the 
Mingo chief, who was the consistent friend of the whites in all their 
troubles with the Indians or their allies, and no inducement or persuasion 
could move him to "lift the tomahawk against the sons of Onas" (William 
Penn). 

As the county seat of Mifflin County, Lewistown is an important com- 
mercial center for the farmers and others in the surrounding valleys. A 
number of manufacturing plants are also located here. 

Sweeping on past Shade Mountain, through McVeytown and Newton 
Hamilton, noted as the site of the Juniata Camp Meeting, the railroad 
enters 

Mount Union, beautifully located at the foot of Jack's Mountain, 
and a busy town of mills, tanneries and other industries. In Aughwick 
Valley, through which the East Broad Top Railroad extends from Mt. 
Union, just south of the town was built Fort Shirley, in 1756, and here 
Armstrong fitted out his expedition against the Indians at Kittanning. 
The old fort witnessed many a bitter struggle between the white and the 
red man. 

Jack's Narrows marks the gap of the Juniata through Jack's Moun- 
tain and perpetuates the name and fame of doughty Jack or John Ander- 
son, who with two companions was murdered by the Indians in the narrow 
defile in early colonial days. This gorge is much like some of the canyons 
in the far west and extends from Mt. Union to Mapleton. Beyond Maple- 

20 



ton, it seems as if the mountains had retreated somewhat from their close 
formation to give the farmer a chance to compete with the miner, lumber- 
man, and quarryman, although some of the finest sand in the State is 
taken out of the surrounding hills. 

Huntingdon is set in a most attractive environment. It is a manufac- 
turing town of considerable importance, including boilers, machinery, 
piping, furniture and stationery in its output, and has a population of 
0,861. It was settled in 1760, but shared with the entire valley the dangers, 
trials, and tragedies of the frontier until law and order was established 
after the Revolution. The stockade at Standing Stone (present site of 
Huntingdon) was the refuge of many settlers at the time of the Indian 
forays. On the plateau to the left of the railroad will be seen the State 
Reformatory. 

Piercing Warrior's Ridge, a flat-topped range, with Tussey's Mountain 
to the south, the railroad comes to 

Petersburg, where the Big Juniata flows in from the southwest, along 
which runs the double-tracked Portage freight line, extending to Holli- 
daysburg and thence across the Logan Valley and up the western side 
of Allegrippus gorge, joining the main line again at Gallitzin, on the 
summit of the Alleghenies. 

From Petersburg, the main line turns up the narrow valley of the 
Little Juniata through a series of little ridges and some of the wildest 
and most picturesque scenery along the route. At Spruce Creek the tracks 
are abruptly intercepted by a spur of the mountain, which is pierced by 
a short tunnel. The train emerges into another wild valley, the sides of 
which produce some iron ore, zinc, and lead. 

Tyrone, with 7,176 inhabitants, is a town surrounded by natural 
wealth nurtured into prosperity by the railroad. It has forges, planing 
mills, and tanneries, all handling the products of the vicinity. The town 
is most picturesquely located in the depths of a narrow valley, so narrow 
at one point that an immense flag has been hung from a cable strung 
from one side of the ridge to the other. Sinking Valley near by is famous 
for its sinking spring and other natural curiosities. The valley produces 
iron ore and other minerals. 

The deep gorge, formed by Bald Eagle Mountain on the east and the 






JACK S NARROWS 
21 



steep ascent to the Alleghenies on the west, running north from Tyrone 
is occupied by the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, extending to Lock Haven 
on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. The Tyrone Division, extending 
northwest into the extensive coal mining region of Clearfield County, sur- 
mounts the crest of the Allegheny Mountains thirteen miles from Tyrone 
and continues down into the upper waters of the Susquehanna's West 
Branch. 

Bellefonte, lying in the valley between the Bald Eagle and Nittany 
Mountains, is noted as the "home of the Governors," three Governors of 
Pennsylvania having come from there. The original settlers in the Bald 
Eagle Valley lived near Milesburg. 

Philipsburg, settled by Henry Phillips, of England, as an estate in 
1796; 

Clearfield, with a population of 6,851, occupying the site of an old 
Indian town, known as Chinklacamoose, on the west branch of the Sus- 
quehanna, was so named because the plateau here was comparatively 
free from the dense woods of the mountains, and 

Curwensville, a leather town, are the chief places on the Tyrone 
Division. 

Through Tyrone, the main line makes a broad curve and enters the 
Logan Valley (named for the Indian, Captain Logan, who was the original 
settler at Tyrone). 

Bellwood is the junction point of the Bellwood Division, which runs in 
a northwesterly direction through valuable and extensive coal fields. The 
scenery on this' division is celebrated for its wild and rugged beauty, and 
the line is noted for the boldness with which the difficulties of mountain 
climbing have been overcome. 

Punxsutawney, in the valley of Mahoning Creek, a tributary of the 
Allegheny River, is the chief town in the rich coal fields nearby. It has a 
population approximating 10,000. 

East Altoona is the front yard of the great railroad city of Altoona 
and a very busy place. Here is a typical classification freight yard of the 
Pennsylvania System. The view from the passing train gives but scant 
idea of its activities, for here are 205 miles of tracks and over a thousand 
switches, with a capacity for over ten thousand cars. Here one sees 
great "humps," from which cars are received and moved to their respective 
branch tracks by gravity. 

Altoona, lying directly at the foot of the main ridge of the Alleghenies, 
and on its lowest slopes, was founded by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 
1849 as the logical location for its construction and repair shops. And 
so it has grown up as a railroad town, pure and simple, and to-day has over 
56,553 inhabitants, mostly employees of the Pennsylvania and their 
families. 

The immense railroad shops are the largest in the world, and they 
have no counterpart except the London & Northwestern Railway shops 
at Crewe, England. This great combination of constructive energy, em- 
bracing the Altoona machine shops, the car shops, the Juniata shops, 
the East Altoona engine house, and the South Altoona foundries, cover 
a yard area of 212 acres. They receive the raw material and, beside making 
all kinds of repairs, turn out coaches, freight cars, and locomotives, both 
passenger and freight. 

Altoona is the northern terminal for trains on the Bedford Division, 
extending southward through gaps and valleys between Tussey's and 
Willis mountains and the main slope of the Allegheny Mountains, to 
.Cumberland, Md., on the Potomac River. 

Hollidaysburg, seven and a half miles south of Altoona was before 
the days of the railroad the western terminus of the canal through the 



Juniata Valley and the eastern end of the old Portage line across the 
mountains. Thence, the canal boats, in sections, were lifted to the summit 
by inclined planes and lowered by another set of planes to the Conemaugh 
near Johnstown. 

Bedford, a noted health resort on account of its famed mineral springs, 
is historically important as the site of Fort Bedford, built in 1757 by the 
advanced forces of General Forbes in the campaign against the French and 
Indians at Fort Duquesne. 

Cumberland, the southern terminus of the Bedford Division, as Wills 
Creek was a noted stopping place for settlers advancing from the Virginias 
to the Far West. To-day it is an important city of 23,846 people. 

Altoona to Pittsburgh 

is the train leaves the western limits of Altoona it is manifest to the 
/\ passenger that, even with the additional locomotive attached, its 
I \ progress is affected by a heavy grade. The increasing elevation is 
clearly indicated by the depth of the valley on the left and the tops of 
large trees far below the roadbed. Further advance seems blocked by the 
mountains until the train rounds the nose of a projecting spur, and the 
picturesque station of Kittanning Point comes into view. 

Horse Shoe Curve. At this point the valley parallel to the road be- 
comes a deep, wide gorge, the western side of which rises to a great height. 
Further direct progress seems bluntly defied, but the engineers solved the 
problem by building a line around the head of the gorge and along the 
side of the mountain in the general shape of a horse shoe. Entering upon 
the curve the tracks ahead appear to be parallel with those carrying the 
train, but as the locomotive mounts the grade on the western side a glance 
backward discloses the remarkable resemblance to a giant horse shoe, 
and the wonderful setting in which it is placed. A far-reaching view to 
the east, over the artificial lakes within the circumference of the shoe, 
spreads out from the toe, and widens into a horizon-bound prospect of 
mountain heights and deep valleys, as the increasing elevation raises the 
train to a higher view point. 

When trains encircling the Horse Shoe Curve round the point of 
Allegrippus Knob, and turn west, the bigness and wildness of the 
mountains loom up in stately majesty. The deep gorge, hundreds of 
feet below the level of the railroad, is undisturbed by any activity of man, 
save by the solitary road or trail that meanders along its bottom. On the 
far side may be seen the Portage freight line, but all else is loneliness 
supreme. Just before the apex of the Allegheny summit is reached, the 
scene changes and the flare and smoke of a battery of coke ovens heralds 
the subdued light and the rumble of 

Gallitzin Tunnel, which marks the passage of the train through the 
summit of the mountains. The altitude of the tracks at the highest point 
in the tunnel is 2,192 feet above sea level, and the mountain above is 150 
feet higher. There are three tunnels piercing the crest at this point, ranging 
from 3,500 feet to 1,610 feet in length. 

The tunnel pierces the great divide between the Atlantic Slope and the 
great Mississippi Valley. Going west the little stream in Allegrippus gorge 
empties into the Juniata and by devious ways makes its way to the North 
Atlantic Ocean. The little brook that soon makes its appearance amongst 
the hills on the far side of the tunnel is one of the branches of the Cone- 
maugh River, and its waters find a final outlet, through the Ohio and 
Mississippi rivers, in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Gallitzin, at the western mouth of the tunnel, is a town principally 
inhabited by coal miners and coke burners, whose wooden houses cover 

23 



the mountain side and the summit above the tunnel. It is named for 
Prince Gallitzin, a Russian noble, who renounced his rank, entered 
the priesthood and settled on the mountain slope to the west in 1789, 
where to-day stands the little town of Loretto, marking the scene of his 
labors. 

Leaving Gallitzin, the descent of the western slope of the mountains 
begins on a gradually lowering grade to the valley of the Conemaugh. 
Evidences of the industrial activity of this section multiply as the mine 
shafts, coke ovens and miners' settlements indicate the sources of the raw 
materials that supply the energy to the mills and furnaces in the Pittsburgh 
District. 

Cresson, the first station west of Gallitzin, is a prosperous town of 
about fifteen hundred people, and was for many years a noted summer 
resort. The old Cresson's Springs Hotel, still standing on the mountain 
just west of the station, was the summer home of men and women promi- 
nent in society and business, who came hither to drink the waters of 
Cresson Springs and enjoy the wonderful mountain air. 

As the junction point with the Cresson Division, running northward 
into the soft coal fields of Cambria, Indiana and Clearfield counties, 
Cresson is an important station. 

Ebensburg, the county seat of Cambria County, is a noted summer 
resort lying high on the west slope of the Alleghenies. 

Cherry Tree, on this division, some distance to the north, is noted as 
Canoe Place, the highest point to which an Indian could paddle his 
canoe up the Susquehanna, and as one of the eastern boundaries estab- 
lished by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, in 1768. 

Beyond Cresson, the main line reaches almost at once the valley of Cone- 
maugh Creek, and follows it, through Lilly, Portage, Wilmore, Summerhill 
and Ehrenfeld, mining towns, to 

South Fork, marking the junction of Conemaugh Creek with the 
South Fork branch of the Conemaugh, up which extends the South Fork 
Branch into the mining district south. It was down this shallow stream, 
almost a brook in aspect, that on May 31, 1889, the breaking of the great 
dam two miles south sent a swirling, rushing volume of water that 
overwhelmed the entire upper Conemaugh valley and the city of Johns- 
town. 

Johnstown, lying at the foot of Laurel Hill, has had a most interesting 
history. Originally a Shawnee Indian village, known as Kitchenpawling, 
its first settler was Joseph Yahns or Johns, a Switzer, who came hither in 
1791 and gave his name to the present city. 

But few evidences of the great flood of 1889 remain, for Johnstown has 
grown like the fabled Phoenix from the ashes and ruins and is to-day one 
of the most important commercial points in Western Pennsylvania. With 
a population of 64,642, it is the home of one of the big steel companies, 
whose plant, extending for several miles along the river, gives employ- 
ment to over 15,000 men. It also contains other iron and steel works, 
tin plate mills, street car rail works, planing mills, machine shops, pot- 
teries, wire, leather and wood works. 

West of Johnstown, the Conemaugh makes a sharp turn around the 
base of Laurel Hill, skirting this mountain in the form of an exaggerated 
horse shoe curve. In these thirteen miles, known as 

Sang Hollow, the high hills on either side of the river, heavily timbered 
to the water's edge, make a scene that is strikingly beautiful. There are 
extensive mines of coal and bog iron ore in this section. Just west of New 
Florence Station, the low grade freight line, running to Pittsburgh by 
way of the Conemaugh Division, crosses the river and parallels the main 
line for about ten miles. Bolivar station marks the eastern end of the 

25 




THE PACK SADDLE 



Pack Saddle, a deep gorge in the ridge that is very similar to Lewis- 
town and Jack's Narrows. In the depths of this gorge, the low grade 
freight line clings closely to the river bank, while the main line gradually 
rises on the opposite side of the enclosing hill to 

Blairsville Intersection, whence the Conemaugh Division winds down 
the hill again to Blairsville, three miles to the north and thence along the 
Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny rivers to Pittsburgh. This was 
the old route of the canal boats that connected with the Portage railroad 
at Johnstown. There is also a branch to Indiana. 

The main line continues down the westward side of Chestnut Ridge 
through the valley of the Loyalhanna to 

Latrobe, a busy coal center and industrial town. Ten miles to the 
southeast Ligonier perpetuates the name of Fort Ligonier, established 
here by Colonel Bouquet in 1758, in his campaign against the French and 
Indians, and which served as a base of supplies during the Braddock 
campaign. To-day it has a population of 10,549. 

Greensburg, with a population of 20,000, was early selected as the 
county seat of Westmoreland County, the center of a vast and rich bitu- 
minous coal area. It received its name from Major-General Nathaniel 
Greene, of Revolutionary fame. It contains many fine buildings and 
residences and its inhabitants are largely engaged in manufacturing. 

Just east of the station the tracks of the South-West Branch diverge 
from the main line and extend southward to the valley of the Youghiogheny 
River and up into the coal hills beyond. On this branch midway between 

Connellsville, with a population of 12,845, the metropolis of the coke 
district, and producing annually nearly twenty millions tons of this product, 
and Redstone Junction, was located the historic Gist's Settlement, made 
by one Christopher Gist in 1750 for the Ohio Company. 

Uniontown, county seat of Fayette County, has a population of 
19,140. Near 

26 



Fairchance, the southern end of this branch, George Washington 
erected Fort Necessity in 1754, and July 3 and 4, 1754, was fought the 
Battle of Great Meadows, when the first blood was shed in the French 
and Indian War. 

Jeannette, just west of the short tunnel at Radebaugh, marks the 
beginning of the great Pittsburgh district, one of the richest manufacturing 
districts in the world. Jeannette's specialties are glass products, golf and 
tennis balls and pneumatic automobile tires. It has a population of nearly 
10,000. 

Penn station memorializes the founder of Pennsylvania and also 
recalls the Battle of Bushy Run, which was fought near Flarrison City, 
on the Manor Branch, two miles north of Penn, on August 6, 1763. Here 
the Indians under Pontiac were overwhelmed by a detachment of five 
hundred men under Bouquet. 

The railroad now enters the valley of Brush Creek, a tributary of Turtle 
Creek, through the old town of Manor, and the progressive borough of 
Irwin. At Trafrord, Turtle Creek joins the railroad from the north, and 
all the way to Braddock its sulphur-colored waters wander beside the 
tracks, first on one side and then on the other. Between Trafford and 
Pitcairn is the enormous "two-hump" classification freight yard. 

Wilmerding, with its 6,133 people, is one of a trinity of manufacturing 
centers in which are located the great plants of one of the country's largest 
electrical interests. Here are the shops of the air-brake company, backed 
on the hills by a number of rows of well-planned "company" houses in 
which the operatives live. 

Turtle Creek, one mile west, with practically no dividing line, is the 
home of a great electrical and manufacturing company, employing over 
twenty thousand men. In the early days, Turtle Creek was a relay point 
on the stage route between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia over the Phila- 
delphia and Greensburg Pike. Then it was "The Rapid Transit Pas- 
senger Coach — Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in Twenty Days." Later this 
became seven days, and to-day it is about seven hours. So progress 
marks time. 

East Pittsburgh is a manufacturing town of great importance. Big 
machine and metal works are located here. There are also meter and 
chemical manufactures located here. 

The main line leaves Turtle Creek beyond East Pittsburgh and turns 
over the hills to the northwest, that slope down to the Monongahela 
Valley and into 

Braddock, which with Bessemer, Copeland and North Braddock, and 
a combined population of over 20,000, form one great manufacturing com- 
munity and a battle ground in trade and commerce that almost over- 
shadows the halo of historic importance that surrounds it. For almost 
directly along the line of the Pennsylvania, as it passes through the city, 
General Edward Braddock's forces were defeated by the French and 
Indians on July 9, 1755. Here Braddock was mortally wounded and 
Washington, who was with him, barely escaped with his life. 

Hawkins is the station for Rankin, where were made the big locks for 
the Panama Canal. 

Swissvale is the site of an extensive railway switch and signal plant, 
whose works lie to the left of the railroad. It has a population of 7,381. 

Wilkinsburg, next door neighbor to Pittsburgh, was annexed to the 
greater city in 1871, but in 1887, by appeal to the State Supreme Court, 
became an independent borough. It has 21,701 population. 

Less than a mile west of the station of Wilkinsburg, and a few hundred 
yards east of Homewood Station, the boundary line of Greater Pittsburgh 
is reached. Thence the railroad bisects the fine residential sections of 

— 27 



the city. Homewood ; East Liberty, with its beautiful surrounding grounds, 
marvels of landscape gardening and floral embellishment; Roup and 
Shadyside mark various sections. 

It is a down-hill journey to the great yards of the Pennsylvania System, 
the "hill district," so called, of the city lying on the left, with Grant 
Boulevard skirting its outer edge, and the wonderful manufacturing 
section along the Allegheny beyond Liberty Street to the right. 

As the city of Allegheny, on the opposite side of the river and over the 
hills beyond, comes into view, a multitude of tracks, filled with trains 
and engines, gives notice that Pennsylvania Station, Pittsburgh, the 
western terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the eastern terminus 
of the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh, has been reached. 

Pittsburgh, with its population of 564,878, is the sixth city in size in 
the United States. The "Greater Pittsburgh" district, including the 
city of Allegheny, which is embraced within the corporate limits of Pitts- 
burgh proper, and a number of separate communities surrounding the 
city, lies at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and 
stretches for a distance northwestward along the Ohio River. 

As early as 1748, the site of the present city was a center of trading 
operations between the Indians and pioneers of the Ohio Company from 
Virginia and of the French from Canada. 

Washington, sent out by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, in 1753, 
noted the importance of the present location of Pittsburgh as a point 
for military defenses, and the following year a party of Virginians jour- 
neyed thither to erect a fort. But they were driven away by the French, 
who built Fort Duquesne. Four years later General Forbes, of the 
British Army, captured Fort Duquesne, which he destroyed. In 1759, 
General Stanwix erected Fort Pitt, which was named in honor of William 
Pitt, the great Prime Minister of England. The English occupation of 
this fort was terminated by the success of the colonials in the Revolution. 
The old Block House, still standing at the junction of the rivers, is the 





■^PFt 



PENNSYLVANIA STATION, PITTSBURGH 




OLD BLOCK HOUSE, PITTSBURGH 



sole remaining vestige of the British occupation of western Pennsylvania. 
The little town which had grown around Fort Pitt was incorporated as a 
borough in 1794, and in 1816 reincorporated as a city. 

The completion of the Pennsylvania Railroad's through all-rail line 
between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and the running of the first through 
cars between the cities, on December 10, 1852, marked the beginning of 
Pittsburgh's real greatness. 

Located in the heart of the rich and vast Pennsylvania bituminous coal 
fields, the "Iron City," it is claimed, has the largest per capita wealth 
of any city of its size in the world, due not only to its natural resources, 
but to the number and value of its products. The District, which covers 
a radius of approximately ten miles, occupies the front rank in the world's 
production of iron, steel, tin plate, steel cars, iron and steel pipe, air 
brakes, coal and coke, electrical machinery, fire brick, glass, sheet steel, 
cork and white lead. 

Within this area, according to figures compiled by the Department of 
Commerce and Labor, there are engaged 2,369 industrial establishments, 
with a capital of $642,527,046, having 159,977 employees, and distributing, 
annually, in salaries and wages, $115,049,924. 

Although its business section is confined to a somewhat limited area, 
owing to the natural configuration of the land, its many business offices 
and financial institutions are housed in fine buildings, and its residential 
section in the East End is remarkably beautiful. 

The Carnegie Technical Schools, and the Carnegie Institute, with its 
music hall, art gallery with the third largest permanent collection in the 
country, museum and great library — the entire plant occupying a greater 
area than the Capitol at Washington— which cost over $6,000,000, are 
located here. 

The Pennsylvania System stations in the central part of Pittsburgh 
are Pennsylvania Station, Fourth Avenue, and Federal Street, Allegheny. 
Pennsylvania Station directly divides the Pennsylvania Railroad and 
the Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburgh. The large office build- 
ing covering the front of the station houses the general offices of the 
lines west of Pittsburgh. 



Philadelphia to Washington 

Between Philadelphia and Washington passengers en route to 
Baltimore, the National Capital, and points in the South reached 
by through car service from New York, traverse what for many 
years was known as the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 
first operated in 1838. 

As the only direct railroad between the North and Washington, this 
section of the Pennsylvania System figured prominently as the principal 
highway for troops, supplies and munitions during the Civil War. It was 
over this line that President Lincoln made his hazardous night journey 
for his first inauguration, when he was told that he would not pass through 
Baltimore alive. Colonel Thos. A. Scott, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
cut all telegraph wires and changed the train to a night run, and the 
incoming President was carried through in safety. It was on this road, too, 
that the first sleeping cars, crude affairs, constructed of ordinary coaches 
with rough bunks in tiers, were run. 

Leaving Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, Washington trains cross 
the Schuylkill River and pass down an incline to a lower level at West 
Philadelphia Station. Through trains from New York for the South 
run via this lower level. 

From West Philadelphia the railroad cuts under a short block in West 
Philadelphia, and past the big athletic stadium of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia and Woodlands Ceme- 
tery, occupying the ground that was once the home of Sir William Hamil- 
ton in Revolutionary days. 

Just beyond, the Media Branch, a sub-division of this line, winds away 
to the southwest through a charming suburban section to Media, West 
Chester and the lower part of Lancaster County, ending at Octoraro, on 
the Susquehanna, once the site of a stockaded town of the Indians men- 
tioned in his diary by Captain John Smith, of Pocahontas fame. It was 
near this line, at Chadds Ford, that Washington met General Howe in the 
Battle of the Brandywine. 

From the old town of Darby the Washington line passes through the 
suburban stations of Sharon Hill, Folcroft, Glenolden, Norwood, Moore 
and Ridley Park. Near Crum Lynne, it is claimed, the first railroad in the 
United States was operated in 1807. It was built and operated by Colonel 
Leiper for the purpose of transporting stone from his quarries to deep 
water. 

Chester was settled in 1643 by Swedes, and is the oldest town in the 
State. The Friends came in 1675 and the name was changed from Upland 
to Chester in 1682. William Penn started his surveyors from Chester to 
locate "the great town," which subsequently became Philadelphia. 
Chester, with 40,474 inhabitants, is an important manufacturing center. 
Its factories turn out boilers, machinery, ships, steel castings, cotton, 
woolen and worsted goods. It is the site of the Crozer Theological Semi- 
nary, and the Pennsylvania Military Institute. 

Marcus Hook was settled by Swedes in 1653. It did not expand very 
much, but it is now a seaboard terminal of one of the big oil pipe lines, 
and millions of gallons of oil are transferred from the tanks, which are 
visible on the left, to tank steamers for shipment abroad. The Delaware 
River comes in view on the left, and the road lies between it and a pic- 
turesque ridge topped with homes on the right. The boundary line between 
Pennsylvania and Delaware is crossed between Marcus Hook and Clay- 
mont. 

Wilmington was originally settled by the Swedes in 1638, and the 
Old Swedish Church, seen on the right just before reaching the station, 

30 



is said to be the oldest building in the United States in continuous use 
as a place of worship. It was built in 1098. After the Swedes came the 
Dutch, and upon the arrival of William Penn, in 1682, he took under his 
protecting wing the Dutch settlement. In the war of the Revolution 
Wilmington had opportunity of seeing the British troops. After the battle 
of Brandywine the town was occupied by the victorious army, the governor 
of Delaware was made a prisoner, and a large amount of stores and pro- 
visions was confiscated. 

Wilmington to-day has 9 L 2,057 people busily engaged in building ships, 
cars, making leather, morocco, and paper, and fashioning the products 
of machine shops and foundries. The valley of the Brandywine Creek, to 
the north of the city, is not only of historic interest, but abounds in attrac- 
tive scenery. Its double-distilled alcoholic name is said to have grown 
out of a wreck of a Dutch liquor ship in its waters. 

The Delaware Division connecting with the New York, Philadelphia & 
Norfolk Railroad, serving the eastern shore of Maryland and bisecting 
the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia peninsula, leaves the main line 
here and proceeds southward through the great peach and vegetable 
country to the tip of the peninsula at Cape Charles, and thence to Nor- 
folk, Va. 

New Castle, a little over six miles south of Wilmington, was the site of 
Fort Casimer, built by the Dutch in 1655. 

Lewes, on this line, at the mouth of the Delaware River, marks the site 
of the old Dutch settlement, Zwaenendael, where Captain Peter Ileyes 
located in 1638. 

Old Point Comfort and Norfolk bring back to memory the early 
English attempts to colonize Virginia in the ill-fated Jamestown settle- 
ment, and the bitter struggle between the Merrimac and the Monitor, in 
Hampton Roads, during the war between the States. 

Continuing on toward Baltimore from Wilmington, the southbound 
passenger traverses an attractive farming country, surrounding the com- 
munities of Newport, Stanton and Newark. Near Stanton Washington 
waited for Howe, just before the Battle of the Brandywine, and 




OLD SWEDE S CHURCH, WILMINGTON 

31 



Newark was once known as the "Athens of Delaware" on account of 
Delaware College and other educational institutions. Between Newark 
and Iron Hill the boundary line between Delaware and Maryland is 
crossed. 

Elkton, at the head of the Elk River, which empties into the head- 
waters of Chesapeake Bay, was settled by Swedish fishermen in 1694. 
It is located in the midst of a fertile and fruit-producing section, and has 
twenty-five hundred inhabitants. By reason of its proximity to the head 
of navigation on Chesapeake Bay, its Revolutionary history is interest- 
ing. General Howe's army landed at Elk Head in 1777, and seized 
the government stores. General Washington's army embarked and 
disembarked there on his march to and countermarch from Yorktown 
in 1781. Even as late as the War of 1812 the British fleet appeared 
before Elkton. 

Beyond are North East, on North East River; Charlestown, a very 
old settlement, that was burned by the British in 1813; Principio and 

Perryville, on the north bank of the Susquehanna River, a short dis- 
tance above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. This river was the trunk 
line of the Indians in their migrations from the North to the South. It 
was discovered by Captain John Smith, who called it Smith River, but 
the Susquehannock Indians subsequently gave their name to it. 

Perryville is the southern terminus of the Columbia & Port Deposit 
Branch, extending along the Susquehanna to Columbia. Twenty-five 
miles north of Perryville on this branch is the big 

McCall's Ferry Dam, where the Susquehanna is harnessed and the 
power of the river turned into electricity, which is furnished Baltimore, 
York and other cities. 

The railroad crosses the Susquehanna en route to Washington on a 
fine bridge of steel nearly a mile long. In early days trains were ferried 
over and in the winter of 1852 tracks were laid across the river on ice. 

Havre de Grace, on the south bank of the river, is a thriving town 
engaged in light manufacturing, vegetable canning and fish packing. The 
shad and herring fisheries are quite extensive. The Susquehanna shad are 
highly esteemed for their delicious flavor. The national government 
maintains a fish hatchery on Watson's Island, just below the town. A 
settlement was made here as early as 1670, but the present town site was 
laid out in 1776. 

South of Havre de Grace the line traverses a section noted for its fertility 
and productiveness. All the staple crops of the latitude grow in profusion, 
and much of the corn and vegetables are canned for shipment in the 
canneries of the vicinity. 

Within a distance of twenty miles four rivers are crossed, named, in 
order of sequence. Bush, Gunpowder, Middle and Back rivers, by double- 
track viaducts of reinforced concrete. 

These rivers and the bay adjacent are the celebrated ducking grounds 
of Maryland, the habitat of the famous canvas-back, the breast of which 
is considered the most toothsome morsel the palate can crave. During 
the ducking season this section is literally alive with sportsmen, who find 
lodging and supplies at the club houses near Chase, Bengies, Middle 
River and Stemmers Run. 

Baltimore, on the Patapsco River (an arm of Chesapeake Bay), has a 
population of 558,485, which makes it the seventh city of the Union. With 
a widely distributed trade, particularly through the South, and one of the 
finest harbors on the Atlantic coast, it is one of the leading commercial 
cities of the country. 

While Maryland was settled through the efforts of George Calvert, 
Lord Baltimore, and his son, Leonard Calvert, about 1634, it was not 

32 




MT. VERNON PLACE, BALTIMORE 



until 1662 that the fourth Lord Baltimore made settlement on the 
present site of the city which bears the family name. 

The city was laid in 1729, and religious and political refugees from 
abroad thronged to it as the years went on. Owing to its geographical 
location it escaped much of the rigor of the Revolution, although Con- 
gress sat there during a part of 1777. 

During the War of 1812 the British attack on Fort MeHenry, on the 
night of September 11, 1814, was the motive and inspiration of the coun- 
try's national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner." Francis Scott Key, 
who had been taken on board a British ship to treat for the exchange of 
some prisoners, was himself kept a temporary prisoner through the night 
bombardment, and it was his exultation that the stars and stripes of his 
country still floated in the early morning hours that gave birth to the 
immortal hymn. 

The first blood of the Civil War was shed on the streets of Baltimore 
when Union troops were fired on in passing through the city on April 19, 
1861. The city was under martial law during the whole war. 

Since the war, Baltimore has expanded and, despite the terrible fire 
of February 7 and 8, 1901, which wiped out the greater part of the 
business section, destroyed 1,413 buildings and caused a loss of $125,- 
000,000, it has grown into one of the most progressive cities in the 
Union. Its chief products are clothing, tobacco, lumber, the canning 
of fruit, vegetables, and oysters and the packing of meat. One of the 
great steel plants of the country is located at Sparrows' Point, a suburb 
of the city. The "Eastern Shore," famous for its fruits, vegetables, 
melons, and sea food, is in close touch with the city by a multitude of 
big and little boats. 

The Union Station of the Pennsylvania System, a handsome structure 
built of granite and reinforced concrete, is located on North Charles 
Street near Mount Royal Avenue, and is easily accessible to all parts of 
the city by street car lines passing the front entrance. Its broadside faces 
the tracks. The building is 276 feet long, 141 feet high, and 83 feet wide. 

33 



It has two levels. The lower is the track level, from which easy stairways 
lead to the street level. 

Passing out of Baltimore the line continues to Washington through a 
flat section finely watered by many streams, and quite productive of 
vegetables and truck. A short distance from the city limits the road 
crosses the gorge of Gwynn's Falls on a high bridge, affording fine scenic 
vistas of the valley and surrounding ridges. 

Odenton is the first station of note. It is the junction point for 

Annapolis, the historic capital of Maryland, fourteen miles away. An- 
napolis is closely connected with the history of the country, as the first 
Federal Constitutional Convention was held there in 1786, and Gen- 
eral Washington surrendered his commission and delivered his famous 
farewell address in the capitol building. It is principally notable now 
as the location of the United States Naval Academy. 

Bowie is the junction of a branch line that serves Southern Maryland. 
It runs to the Potomac River at Pope's Creek and passes through a pro- 
ductive section devoted principally to the raising of tobacco, corn, wheat 
and fruits. 

Approaching Washington, it will be observed that a suburban territory 
is being built up by those who find employment in the capital city. 

Just beyond Tuxedo Station, the original line of the Philadelphia, 
Baltimore & Washington Railroad, which used to curve around the city 
and into the historic Baltimore & Potomac Station, at Sixth and B streets, 
is left and the new line into Union Station curves to the southwest into 
the District of Columbia, crossing an arm of the Anacostia River just 
after passing the border line. 

Washington, the National Capital, has a permanent population of 
353,378, of which a large percentage is connected with or dependent on 
the different departments of the Government. There are no industries of 
any moment, and the business interests are confined to the class of trade 
from which a big city draws its supplies. 

One of the first questions taken up by the Federal Congress at the close 
of the Revolution was the selection of a permanent site for the National 
Capital. During the war the seat of government had been shifted about 
between Philadelphia, Baltimore, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton, York and 
New York. Each of these places was anxious to become the future home 
of the nation. 




NAVAL ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS 




HiitgUF."- 



UNITED STATES CAPITOL, WASHINGTON 

After a spirited struggle for the honor, Congress finally passed a bill on 
July 16, 1790, locating the future capital on the eastern bank of the 
Potomac River, the central point of the District of Columbia, a territory 
sixty miles square, ceded the same year to the Government by the States 
of Maryland and Virginia, in order that the new capital might be on 
ground entirely independent of State jurisdiction and under the control 
of the Congress. In 1846, the portion south of the Potomac was retro- 
ceded to Virginia. 

It is not known when the first white settler came to the land where 
Washington now sits. Nearby a tribe of the Conoy Indians had a large 
settlement on Anacostia Creek, which they called Nacotchtank, from which 
the present name of Anacostia is a corruption. 

President Washington, who it is said was largely responsible for the 
selection of the new site to which he had often ridden from his estate at 
Mt. Vernon, some miles down the Potomac River, delegated Pierre C. 
L'Enfant, a French engineer, to lay out the city. On April 15, 1791, the 
corner stone of the District was laid and the corner stone of the Capitol 
building was laid in September, 1793. 

When the seat of government was removed thither from Philadelphia 
in the autumn of 1800, the future beautiful city was a wilderness. The 
President's House, now known as the White House, was in an open field, 
and a few scattered houses and one inn or hotel, located along unpaved 
streets, constituted the town. 

Here, Jefferson was inaugurated, the third president, but the progress 
of growth was so slow that in 1808 the proposition to return the seat of 
government to Philadelphia was seriously considered. 

On August 24, 1814, the British, under General Robert Ross, met 
United States forces at Bladensburg, only a few miles away from Washing- 
ton, and forced them to flight. The British then marched to the Capital 
and proceeded to burn the public buildings, every building except the 
Patent Office suffering from the conflagration. 

But the nation, under Madison, at once rebuilt the Capitol, White 
House and other public office buildings and the city grew with the nation. 

The National Capital was twice threatened with seizure by Confed- 
erate forces during the Civil War. In May, 1862, Stonewall Jackson, 
after the defeat of Banks at Winchester, swung towards Washington but 



3.5 



was defeated by McDowell. On July 10 and 11, 1864, Jubal A. Early 
was but a few miles from the Capital and only the timely arrival of a 
force sent by Grant turned Early back to the Cumberland Valley. 

To-day, the city proper covers an area of about fourteen miles in cir- 
cumference. There are about 250 miles of paved streets, ranging from 
eighty to 120 feet in width, and sixty-five miles of avenues, ranging in 
width from 120 to 160 feet. 

Aside from the Capitol, surmounting Capitol Hill in the center of 
the city — a noble structure 751 feet long and 350 feet wide, with its great 
dome, and containing the Senate Chamber, chamber of the House of 
Representatives and the Supreme Court, as well as National Statuary 
Hall — the White House and the wonderfully beautiful Congressional 
Library, visitors are always interested in the classically ornate build- 
ings of the Treasury, State, War, and Navy Departments, Patent Office, 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, National Museum and Smith- 
sonian Institution, the Corcoran Art Gallery and Bureau of American 
Republics. 

The White House, the official residence of the President, was the first 
public building erected in Washington, and occupied as a residence by 
President Adams in 1880. 

The Washington Monument, greatest of all memorial shafts, 555 feet 
high, and the beautiful Lincoln Memorial, now under construction, are 
noted points of attraction to the visitor to Washington. 

The beautiful residence section in the northwest and the fine parks 
and squares scattered all over the city are a delight the year around. 

The Union Station, used by the Pennsylvania System and all other 
roads entering Washington, occupies a large plot at the intersection of 
Delaware and Massachusetts avenues, in close proximity to the Capitol. 
Constructed entirely of white granite the station proper is 620 feet long 
and from 65 to 120 feet in height. The general waiting room is modeled 
after the Baths of Diocletian in Rome, and the concourse, with gates to 
thirty-three tracks, is the largest in the country. In addition to the usual 
accommodations for the public, there is a special entrance and waiting 
rooms for the President and special guests of the Nation. 

The ten-acre park in front of the station is adorned with a fine memorial 
of Columbus, and will be further enriched with fountains and statuary. 




UNION STATION, WASHINGTON 



Washington to Harrisburg 

Tiirouoii trains of the Pennsylvania System to Buffalo, Erie and 
Canandaigua, and through sleeping cars to Pittsburgh and the 
West, from Washington, traverse the same route between Wash- 
ington and Baltimore as described on previous pages. 

Leaving Union Station, Baltimore, the Baltimore Division of the Penn- 
sylvania extends northward through Maryland's hills and by the foothills 
of the Blue Ridge to the Susquehanna. This line was a bone of conten- 
tion during the Civil War. Baltimore Confederate sympathizers tore up 
the southern end of it to prevent the movement of Northern troops as 
early as 1861, and in 1863, the invaders under Lee, destroyed a con- 
siderable portion of the northern end of it. 

The first part of the journey is through the winding valley of Jones' 
Falls, with Baltimore's beautiful park, Druid Hill, on the left. Outside 
the limits of the city are a number of charming suburban towns, the 
homes of men and women whose business interests are in the larger city. 

Hollins, a little over seven miles from Baltimore, where the line skirts 
the shores of Lake Roland, a picturesque inland lake, formed by the 
waters of Jones' Falls and other small streams, is the junction point 
with the branch line extending to the west through the Green Spring 
Valley to famous old Chattolanee with its mineral springs. 

Beyond are the low hills of Maryland, intersected by valleys through 
which flow the little streams feeding the upper end of Chesapeake Bay. 
The railroad follows one of these little water courses almost to its source 
near the flourishing town of Cockeysville with its fifteen hundred citizens. 
A few miles beyond, shortly after passing the town of Ashland, the pictur- 
esque valley of the Little Gunpowder River or Falls, as it is called, pro- 
vides a course through the hills to the border line of Pennsylvania. 

It is a steady upgrade, the elevation at New Freedom Station being over 
eight hundred feet above sea level. The State line is crossed about mid- 
way between Freeland and New Freedom stations. For a few miles the 
tracks lie amongst the hill tops, and then descend into the course of 
Codorus Creek, which flows northward from near the border line through 
the city of York and empties into the Susquehanna River north of Wrights- 
ville. This is a beautiful farm country, which has been largely populated 
by Germans, and particularly by the German Baptist Brethren or Dun- 
kards, as they are sometimes called. 




VALLEY OF CODORUS CREEK 

37 




NATIONAL CEMETERY, GETTYSBURG 

York, the leading city of this section, and one of the most important 
manufacturing centers in Pennsylvania, is one of the older settlements in 
Pennsylvania, a number of German families having immigrated hither 
in 1735. The town was laid out in 1741 by Thomas, John and Richard 
Penn, the former a son and the latter grandsons of the great English 
Quaker. For nearly a year it was the Capital of the United States. 
Congress, fearing capture by the English army, left Philadelphia 
in the early summer of 1777. On the thirtieth of September of this 
year, they convened in York, and continued to hold sessions there until 
June 27, 1778. 

To-day the city is almost at the 50,000 mark in population. Its indus- 
tries are varied in character, many of the plants being of large size, and 
it is the trade center for this section and also for the Columbia and 
Frederick Branch, which passes through the city, extending from 

Wrightsville, opposite Columbia on the Susquehanna, the farthest 
northern point reached by the Armies of the Confederacy in 1863, to 

Frederick, with a population of 10,886, at the foot of the Catoctin 
Mountains of Maryland, and best known from its association with Whit- 
tier's poem, "Barbara Frietchie." Admiral W. S. Schley, of Santiago 
fame, was born near Frederick. 

Gettysburg Battlefield, lying sixteen and a half miles northwest of 
Hanover, on this line, will forever live in memory as the point where Lee 
met his Waterloo at the hands of Meade on July 1, 2 and 3, 1863. 
Hanover was also the site of the cavalry fight between Jeb Stuart and 
Kilpatrick a few days before Gettysburg's conflict. 

Northward from York, the tracks turn toward the Susquehanna, coming 
out on the west bank of the river just where the big dam of the York 
Haven Power Company's plant stems the current of the stream and its 
busy turbines create a mighty force that turns thousands of wheels. 

The sixteen miles from this point to Harrisburg cover a most picturesque 
section. The great river is dotted with wooded islands, and its shallow 
waters riffled by obstructing rocks ; across the river lie the farmlands of 
Dauphin County, backed by the rolling slopes of the Blue Mountain; to 
the west are the Conewago Hills, and the steep ascent of Blue Mountain, 
around whose base the track follows the edge of the river, and ahead 
the great Gaps of the Susquehanna beyond Harrisburg. 

Near New Cumberland Station, a bridge carries the railroad over 
Yellow Breeches Creek. At East Lemoyne the line turns across the 
Susquehanna to Harrisburg. 

38 



Harrisburg to Williamsport 

Ieaving Harrisburg, the railroad extends along the eastern bank 
of the Susquehanna for many miles, and passing through the 
A famous Gaps of the Susquehanna. 

Blue Mountain Gap, just beyond llockville; the Gap in Second Moun- 
tain, a mile or so beyond, in the midst of which is the little town of Dau- 
phin; the Gap in Third Mountain, where the river forms what is, locally, 
known as "The Cove," and the precipitous gorge formed by Peters Moun- 
tain, the last of the gaps, are delights to the eye. 

Clark's Ferry, with Duncan's and Haldeman's Islands in the river 
(the former once the capital of the Indians of the Susquehanna), is the 
center of a summer colony of fishermen, occupying the many cottages 
and bungalows along the shore. 

Halifax, at the mouth of Armstrong Creek, marks the location of a 
Colonial fortification, known as Fort Halifax, built in 1755, from which 
the town takes its name. To the north of Halifax, Berry's Mountain 
shuts out the view to the northeast. On the west bank of the river the 
wide-spreading valley of the Juniata extends to where the green ridge of 
the Tuscarora Mountain shuts off the view to the west. 

Millersburg, in a deep valley between Berry's Mountain and Ma- 
hantongo Mountain, at the mouth of Wiconisco Creek, is the junction 
point with the Lykens Valley Railroad, built away back in 1834 to bring 
the coal of the rich mineral mountains at the headwaters of the creek to 
the canal at Millersburg. 

Liverpool, the station being on the east bank of the river and the 
town on the west bank, is also one of the old towns of mid-Pennsylvania, 
having been laid out in 1806. Three miles north of Liverpool the railroad 
curves around the foot of Mahantongo Mountain, one of the ridges of the 
Broad Mountain section. The river between Mahantongo and Berry's 
mountains is over a mile broad, having the appearance of a vast inland lake. 




SUSQUEHANNA RIVER ABOVE HARRISBURG 



Herndon is a town which has grown up through the development of 
the coal industry. Laid out in 1850, and named in honor of Lieutenant 
Herndon, of the United States Navy, who lost his life with his ship in the 
Gulf of Mexico, it is to-day one of the most prosperous of the smaller 
towns in the Susquehanna Valley. 

Selinsgrove Junction is the junction with the branch extending through 
•a broad valley from the Susquehanna to the Juniata at Lewistown. The 
town of Selinsgrove has always been an important trading center for the 
region round about. Here is located Susquehanna University. 

Sunbury, at the junction of the north and west branches of the Sus- 
quehanna, first, as the Indian village of Shamokin, then as Fort Augusta, 
one of the most important posts of defense in the Susquehanna valley, is 
a most interesting city historically. 

In the days of old Shikellimy, the Cayuga chieftain, famed as the father 
of Mingo or Logan, the great Juniata chieftain, Shamokin became an 
object of interest to the Moravian missionaries, who frequently visited 
it. But after the defeat of Braddock in 1755, the raids of the ravaging 
Indians became so fierce that the mission was broken up and the Mora- 
vians went back to Bethlehem. As a protection against the French and 
Indians, the Provincial Government erected Fort Augusta here in 1755, 
and many important conferences between the whites and the red men 
were held in the town. It was renamed Sunbury in 1772, and to-day has 
a population of 15,458, with an extensive trade in coal and manufactured 
products. Large railroad repair shops are located here, as well as silk 
and other mills, and dye works and wood-working factories. 

Sunbury is the junction point with the Sunbury Division running along 
the North Branch of the Susquehanna through East Bloomsburg (one of 
the State Normal Schools is located at Bloomsburg, across the river), 
South Danville and Nanticoke to 

Wilkes-Barre, a busy coal city of 73,660, with large manufactur- 
ing interests. Five miles north of it was fought the Battle of Forty 
Fort, better known as the "Wyoming Massacre," on July 3, 1778, when 
300 colonials were practically annihilated by a force of 1,100 British 
and Indians. 

Sunbury is also the junction with the Shamokin Division, extending to 
Mt. Carmel through Shamokin and the coal regions. 

Leaving Sunbury the main line crosses the North Branch of the Susque- 
hanna by a long bridge, spanning the two parts of the river and the large 
island dividing it, and enters the old city of 

Northumberland, renowned as the residence for many years of Dr. 
Joseph Priestley, conceded to be the discoverer of oxygen gas, and one of 
the founders of the modern school of chemistry. Laid out in 1775 by 
Reuben Haines, a Philadelphia brewer, Northumberland is to-day a 
thriving city of 3,500 inhabitants. 

Skirting the base of Montour Mountain, the route lies through 

Montandon, junction point with the branch line leading through the 
Buffalo Valley to Bellefonte. Lewisburg, directly opposite Montandon, 
is the seat of Bucknell University, and near Lemont is Pennsylvania State 
College, a noted agricultural and live stock experiment station. 

Milton, a busy town of 7,500 population, settled in 1768, and 

Watsontown, the nearest point to the site of Freeland's Fort, whence 
all the male defenders were carried by British and Indians, in 1778, to 
Canada, western terminus of the Susquehanna, Bloomsburg & Berwick 
Railroad, a Pennsylvania subsidiary, mark the way to the point where 
the railroad crosses the Susquehanna at 

Montgomery, lying at the foot of big Bald Eagle Mountain. This 
mountain was named not for the bird of prey, but for a noted Indian who 




RIVEK AND CANAL AT MONTGOMERY 



had a wigwam at the foot of this long ridge, near where Milesburg, Pa., 
is now situated. Beyond Montgomery, the railroad sweeps, with the river, 
around Bald Eagle's rounded side to 

Muncy, a busy manufacturing city, and the site of Fort Muncy, one 
of the early defenses against the Indians, from which the town, originally 
settled by English Quakers as Pennsborough, was renamed in 1826. 
Again turning west around Bald Eagle Mountain, the route leads to 

Williamsport, county seat of Lycoming County, and the leading city 
of this section of Pennsylvania, surrounded as it is by a great wealth of 
natural resources which have been developed by the thrift and industry 
of the 33,181 people occupying Williamsport, South Williamsport and New- 
berry, stretching along both banks of the river for a considerable distance. 

The original settlement of this city was made by a band of Scotch-Irish, 
who came thither after the ceding of this section to the Whites by the 
Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, and established a government independent 
of the Colonial government, headed by the tribunal of three men, whom 
they styled "fair play men." 

While for many years the principal business of Williamsport was lum- 
bering, there are to-day many varied industries carried on, including 
steel mills, furniture factories and other large plants. 

Williamsport to Canandaigua 

From Williamsport, the Elmira Division surmounts the divide between 
the Susquehanna Valley and the lake country of New York State, passing 
through 

Elmira, an enterprising city of over 37,000 inhabitants, and an important 
railroad junction point, the site of a big battle between the British and 
Continentals at Fort Newton, in 1779; 

Watkins Glen, long noted as a health resort and for its picturesque 
pre-glacial age gorge, and 

Perm Yan, at the northern end of Lake Keuka, one of the "Finger 
Lakes," to 

Canandaigua, a pretty city, near Canandaigua Lake; with 7,515 popu- 
lation, once the council place of the blood-thirsty Seneca Indians; and to 

Sodus Bay, on an arm of Lake Ontario, and a well-known summer 
resort. 

41 



Williamsport to Emporium Junction 

Going westward from Williamsport, passengers to Buffalo or Erie 
- enter one of the wildest and most picturesque sections of Penn- 
sylvania. For over 104 miles the railroad clings closely to the 
West Branch of the Susquehanna, for the first twenty-five miles under 
the shadow of Bald Eagle Mountain. This was the section of the river 
that a quarter of a century ago was a center of the logging industry. 
To-day, denuded hill slopes tell of its passing. 

Jersey Shore, noted a half century ago for the pre-historic fortification 
that stood in the vicinity, received its odd name from the fact that two 
Jerseymen first settled it in 1800. It is a prosperous center for the rural 
section around it, with a population of 5,381. 

Lock Haven, a city of 7,772, at the confluence of Bald Eagle Creek 
and the Susquehanna, was settled at the time of the Fort Stanwix Treaty, 
and receives its name from the locks that once existed here on the old 
canal. One of the State Normal Schools is located here. It is the junction 
point with the branch line leading to Tyrone, on the main line to Pitts- 
burgh. 

Turning slightly northward from Lock Haven, the railroad continues 
on, through Farrandsville, a fire brick town; North Bend, earliest known 
as Young Woman's Town, from an Indian legend, and later as North 
Point, to 

Renovo, which owes its growth to the railroad shops placed here by 
the old Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, many years ago. It lies in a beautiful 
semi-circular valley, watered by Paddy Run and Drury Run and flanked 
by one-thousand-foot high mountains. 

Westport, a little town at the mouth of Kettle Creek, is the nearest 
point to the old castle home of Ole Bull, world-famous as a violinist a 
generation ago. 

Keating marks the junction of Sinnemahoning Creek with the west 
branch of the Susquehanna. From thence, the railroad turns northwest- 
ward up the narrow valley of the Sinnemahoning, rapidly ascending the 
slope of the watershed. One will notice on a high rock overhanging the 
Susquehanna, near the confluence of the two streams, a perfect cross 
carved deep into the strata. It is said to have been the work of a French 





THE SUSQUEHANNA NEAR KEATING 

42 



missionary, who sought to convert the red men in this wild country 200 
years ago. 

Driftwood, lying near the foot of Bowes Hill, the highest mountain in 
this section — the summit is 2,095 feet above sea level — on Driftwood 
Creek, a tributary of the Sinnemahoning, is the junction point with the 
low-grade line extending through Du liois to Red Bank, on the Allegheny 
River. 

From Driftwood the route lies at a sharp grade up the course of 
Driftwood Creek to 

Emporium Junction, a little less than a mile east of the town of 
Emporium, county seat of Cameron County, and a progressive business 
place which grew up with the railroad. 

Emporium Junction to Erie 

West of Emporium, the Pennsylvania System's line to Erie extends 
for many miles through one of the wilder sections of Pennsyl- 
vania, once the hunting grounds of the Six Nations. One sur- 
mounts the eastern side of the great Pennsylvania plateau that divides the 
Atlantic slope rivers from those which empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The 
grade is steep just beyond Emporium, the railroad following the course of 
a tumbling brook for twenty-two miles up the side of the ridge to 

St. Mary's, a prosperous community of 6,346 people, started in 1840 
as a semi-religious colony by the Benedictines, which lies six hundred feet 
above Emporium. 

Ridgway, with a population of 5,408, on the headwaters of the Clarion 
River, is the county seat of Elk County, an important business center and 
the junction point with the branch line of the Pennsylvania System leading 
to Falls Creek and Du Bois, the latter with a population of 14,000. 

Johnsonburg, in the Clarion River valley, is the junction point with 
the Johnsonburg Railroad, extending to Clermont. 

Leaving Johnsonburo-, the traveler toward Erie soon realizes that he is 
on the height of the Allegheny ridge, for curving around to the w r est, he 
ascends from about 1,400 feet above sea level to nearly 2, 200 feet in the 
fifteen miles between the Clarion River Valley and the summit at 

Kane, founded in 1864, by Major-General Thomas L. Kane, organizer 
of one of the "Bucktail" regiments during the war between the States. 
Until 1885, it was a lumber center. After oil was struck in McKean 
County, Kane became the headquarters of the petroleum industry in this 
section. To-day, with 6,626 residents, it is noted for its window glass 
manufactories. 

West of Kane, the railroad descends to the valley of the Allegheny 
River through what was once a hotbed of the oil country. But to-day 
the spouters are extinct; little remains but rotten derricks and rusting 
machinery and a few pumping wells of small capacity. 

Warren, the seat of justice of Warren County, and the largest city on 
the Renovo Division between Lock Haven and Erie", occupies a beautiful 
site at the junction of the Allegheny and Conewango rivers. From its 
earliest inception Warren was exclusively a lumber town. Millions of logs 
were cut in the forests and floated in rafts down the Allegheny to the 
Ohio and thence in some cases as far as New Orleans. To-day, it is a 
thriving city of over 14,000 people, largely engaged in manufactures. It 
is also the junction point with the Salamanca Branch from Oil City 
to Olean. 

Leaving Warren, one follows the Allegheny River for about six miles to 
Irvineton, where the Salamanca branch turns away to the southwest, the 
main line continuing along the course of Brokenstraw Creek to 

43 



Corry, the junction point of the Central and Northern Grand Divisions, 
which owes its origin to the oil boom of the early '60's. Unbroken wilder- 
ness in 1861, the construction of the railroad to Erie and the Oil Creek 
Railroad from Oil City, and the wonderful production of petroleum in 
the Oil Creek Valley, made Corry one of the best known towns in the 
State. It has 5,991 people. 

Shortly after leaving Corry the railroad strikes the valley of French 
Creek, known years before the country became settled, by the early 
French adventurers who, with Indian companions, penetrated the wilder- 
ness bordering on the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes. 

Waterford, is noted as the one-time location of Fort Le Beeuf, one of 
the chain of fortifications erected by the early French settlers along the 
western border of the State to protect them from the marauding Indians. 
The old fort was built in 1750, Washington visited it in 1753, and it was 
captured by the English in 1780. Three years later the Indians, under 
the hostile Pontiac, reduced it to ashes and massacred all the inhabitants. 

At Jackson Station, twelve miles from Erie, the divide between the 
valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi is crossed and a rapid 
descent made to the level of Lake Erie. 

Erie, built on the high bluff fronting Lake Erie, a city of 74,401, is one 
of the chief ports for the trade on the Great Lakes. 

Historically, Erie holds a prominent place. Early recognized by the 
French explorers as an important strategic point, they built in 1753 Fort 
Presque Isle at the eastern end of the beautiful bay which fronts the city. 
During the French and Indian War, it was one of the chain of forts to 
protect French territory. But the fall of Fort Duquesne and Fort Niagara 
in 1759, caused the French to abandon it. 

It was then garrisoned by the British but fell before the onslaught of 
Pontiac's men on June 25, 1763. During the Indian War in 1795, the 
government erected another fort, on the site now occupied by the Penn- 
sylvania Soldiers' and Sailors' Home. Here Mad Anthony Wayne died 
in 1796, and his remains were buried under the blockhouse. In 1809, 
they were removed to St. David's Churchyard, near Radnor. 

It was at Erie that Commodore Perry built, equipped and manned the 
fleet that, durinii' the War of 18 12, met and defeated the British at Put- 




XJCKHOUSE, ERIE 

44 



in-Bay in September, 1813, and it was to Erie that Perry returned. His 
flagship, the Niagara, lay in the harbor beneath the waters of Misery Bay, 
close to the Life Saving Station, until 1913, when it was raised to partici- 
pate in the Perry Centennial celebration. 

Through the port of Erie there is an average annual tonnage of 3, 000, 000, 
including coal, iron and copper ore, flour, lumber and general merchan- 
dise. There are upwards of 170 manufacturing plants in the city, com- 
prising a wide variety of goods. Finely equipped business establishments, 
comfortable residences, good hotels and an elaborate park system make 
Erie an interesting city to visit. 

Emporium Junction to Buffalo 

Buffalo passengers turn northwestward from Emporium Junc- 
tion, surmount the watershed between the Susquehanna and 
Allegheny rivers by one of the steepest grades on the Pennsyl- 
vania System, an average of about 100 feet to the mile. Keating Sum- 
mit station marks the divide, and the railroad descends to the level 
plateau of western New York through the valley of Portage Creek, 
which it enters near 

Port Allegany, a thriving town of about 2,000, from which the many 
communities on the upper waters of Sinnemahoning Creek and the Alle- 
gheny River are reached by a connecting railroad. 

Larabee is the junction point with the branch extending to Smethport, 
Clermont and Johnsonburg. 

Olean, lying at the junction of Olean Creek and the Allegheny River, 
was selected many years ago by the great oil producing interests as the 
distributing center for the Pennsylvania oil fields, and it is to-day one 
of the largest petroleum centers in the world. Original settlement was 
made here in 1804, and its growth has been steady, its population being 
17,981. 

A branch line extends from Olean to 

Bradford, a city of 14,544 population, and the commercial center 
of McKean County, Pa. As the western outpost of the Connecticut 
Claims in Pennsylvania, it received its name from William Bradford, who 
helped to sever Pennsylvania from Connecticut in 1804. 

The Salamanca branch extends to Warren, through the valley of 
the Allegheny, and traversing between Vandalia and the New York- 
Pennsylvania State line, the Allegheny Indian reservation, one of the 
largest in the East. Salamanca, with 8,357 population, is the largest town 
passed en route. 

Hinsdale is the junction with the Rochester Branch running through 
the beautiful Genesee River Valley, past the Oil Spring Indian reservation, 
near Cuba; Portage Falls and Letchworth Park, site of the last Council 
House of the Iroquois, to 

Rochester, the home of the film camera, a busy city of 254,035 
people, and noted among other things for having been the one time 
home of Frederick Douglass and the starting place for the cult of 
Spiritualism. 

Leaving Hinsdale the Buffalo Division continues alongside of Ischua 
Creek, through Franklinville and up the divide to Machias, Delevan and 
Arcade; passing Cattaraugus Creek, reminiscent of the Indians, and 
into the valley of Cazenovia Creek, which it follows to 

East Aurora, a pretty country town, is noted the world over as the 
home of the Roycrofters, whose unique establishment is annually visited 
by thousands of persons. A few miles beyond East Aurora the railroad 
curves to the westward and enters 

45 




MCKINLEY MONUMENT, BUFFALO 



Buffalo, with a population of 461,887, the eighth city of the Union, 
and as the easternmost port of the Great Lakes, is one of the greatest 
exporting and importing centers in the world. 

Once the home of the peaceful Kaquah Indians, who some time after 
1620 were absorbed by the warlike Eries, Buffalo came into notice of the 
white race, when, in 1679, Robert, Cavalier de la Salle, came to the banks 
of the Niagara with a force from French Canada, and on the site of the 
future city built him a ship, in which he sailed over the lakes as far west 
as Lake Superior. 

Cornelius Winne, a Hollander from the Hudson, located a trading 
station here about the year 1789, after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 
and from this beginning, sprung Buffalo. Two British officers, Colonel 
Powell and Captain Johnson, the latter with an Indian wife, had already 
settled here in 1780. 

In 1799 the first organized settlement was made by the Holland Land 
Company, under the name "New Amsterdam." But this name did not 
long continue, for in 1801, the little town was named Buffalo (suppo- 
sedly from Buffalo Creek), this latter being the English translation of the 
Indian name for the little stream that poured its waters into the Niagara 
nearby. 

The selection of Buffalo as the county seat in 1808 stimulated its growth 
and by the time war was declared in 1812 it had grown to a village of 
over one hundred houses. 

Buffalo suffered terribly during the War of 1812. Many engagements 
were fought in the town and around it, and on December 30, 1813, and 
January 1, 1814, both it and the neighboring village of Black Rock were 
totally destroyed and burned to ashes. 

During the spring of 1814 a new lease of life for Buffalo was inaugu- 
rated; new houses and business places were built, and in 1816 steps 
were taken to improve the harbor — for already Buffalo's importance as 
the Eastern Great Lake terminus had been foreseen. 

A number of national events have taken place in Buffalo. In 1866, 
occurred the Fenian insurrection, in which many lives were lost and 

4fi 



much property destroyed. In 1901, the Pan-American Exposition, cele- 
brating the trade union of all the American Republics, was held in Dela- 
ware Park. It was in the Exposition Grounds here that, on September 
6th, President McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by Leon Czolo- 
gscz, and Vice-President Roosevelt was inaugurated President in the 
home of one of its citizens a few days later. 

In addition to its importance as a lake port, nearly all of the trade of 
the Great Lakes destined to Eastern seaports and from the East to the 
Great Lakes being handled on the 7,000 vessels arriving and departing from 
its docks every year, Buffalo is preeminent as a manufacturing city. 

In its various plants and shops are manufactured every year products 
averaging nearly $225, 000, 000 in value. Deriving a great part of its power 
from the wonderful power plants at Niagara Falls, where the water of 
the Niagara River is utilized to generate electricity of high power and in 
tremendous quantity, Buffalo manufacturers have an unusual advantage 
and opportunity for enlarging the scope of their plants. 

It is one of the prettiest cities in the country many of its streets being 
bordered with heavy shade trees. Three hundred and thirty-five miles of 
its 700 miles of streets and avenues are asphalted, and the finest residence 
streets, Delaware Avenue and North Street, are lined with magnificent 
homes surrounded with superb gardens. Its park system includes six 
large public parks with a total area of 1,149 acres, connected by a system 
of wide boulevards, parkways and speedways. 

Niagara Falls, although not on the lines of the Pennsylvania System, 
is so closely associated with the city of Buffalo, and so important a tourist 
point, that it is interesting to Pennsylvania Railroad patrons. 

A description of Niagara Falls is unnecessary, but it is interesting to 
note that the "Thunder of Waters," as they were known to the Indians, 
were first visited by Joseph de la Roche Dallian, a Franciscan missionary, 
in October, 1626. In December, 1678, La Salle, the noted explorer, 
encamped just above the Falls, built the "Griffon," the first craft larger 
than a canoe to traverse the Great Lakes, and, in 1679, La Salle and 
Father Hennepin sailed into the far west from La Salle, a little town 
between Niagara Falls and Buffalo. 

The French built a number of small stockades near the Falls, but the 
most important historical events connected with this region were the 
Indian massacre on September 14, 1763, at Devil's Hole; the battle of 
Queenstown, on October 12, 1812; the battle of Chippewa in 1813, and 
on July 25th, of the same year, the battle of Lundy's Lane. 




I ■ \ 






■ 


HHHH^Mk % il\ 




NIAGARA FALLS 




d.7 





Pittsburgh to Buffalo 



The route followed by the Pennsylvania System on its line between 
Pittsburgh and Buffalo marks the old Indian trail from the Great 
Lakes to the Ohio valley, which in later years became the highway 
for the early French settlers and soldiers who caused Governor Din- 
widdie so much trouble and against whom Braddock and Washington 
battled near the present city of Pittsburgh. 

Then, about a hundred years later, it became the avenue of travel over 
which flowed millions of barrels of oil pumped from the thousands of 
wells in the Oil Creek and western Pennsylvania fields, when millionaires 
were made over night. 

Traversing the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, through East 
Liberty, the Buffalo line branches from the main line over the Brilliant 
Cut-Off, just east of East Liberty, and, passing through the hills that 
surround Pittsburgh, runs into the valley of the Allegheny, the left bank of 
which it follows for about 13 L 2 miles. On the right bank of the river, for a 
distance of twenty-eight miles, the Conemaugh Division parallels the 
Buffalo route. 

For this distance both banks of the river are lined with thrifty towns, 
largely the home sites of men and women engaged in the busy world of 
the Pittsburgh District. Verona, Oakmont, Hulton, Logan's Ferry, 
Parnassus, New Kensington, Arnold, Valley Camp and Braeburn on the 
eastern side, and Etna, Sharpsburg, Aspinwall, Ilarmarville, Cheswick, 
Springdale, Tarentum and Natrona on the west bank, form almost a 
continuous suburban community. 

Kiskiminetas Junction marks the junction of the old Alleghany Valley 
Railroad and the old Western Pennsylvania Railroad, which crosses the 
Allegheny here and extends through the valley of the Kiskiminetas and 
Conemaugh rivers to Blairsville Intersection. A branch line also extends 
to Butler, a city of 25,545 people, through Butler Junction on the west 
bank of the Allegheny. The lines on both sides of the river south of Kiski- 
minetas Junction are included in the Conemaugh Division. 

The line to Buffalo continues up the east bank of the Allegheny, as it 
cuts through the hills, northward to Oil City. A number of prosperous 
towns mark the way. 

Kittanning, to-day a thriving town of 4,311, was the scene of Colonel 
Armstrong's destruction of the Delaware Indian's stronghold there on 
September 8, 1756. in reprisal for the Indians destruction of white property. 

Red Bank marks the junction with the Low Grade Branch, extending 
through Red Bank Creek valley to Du Bois, and thence to Driftwood, on 
the Renovo Division. 

Franklin, a flourishing center just south of the oil fields, with 10,811 
population, was the one-time site of Fort Venango, built in 1753 by the 
French to protect their territory from encroaching Indians. It was cap- 
tured from the French by Colonel Bouquet in 1759, during the campaign 
around Lake Erie. 

Beyond Franklin the Allegheny turns east through a cleft in the hills to 

Oil City, which owes both its name and prosperity to the development 
of the great Pennsylvania oil fields. It lies in the center of a plot of ground 
deeded by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to Cornplanter, a noted 
Seneca chief, in 1796, in consideration of his services during the Braddock 
campaign. 

Conveyed to the whites in 1818, it remained only a village until oil was 
struck in Oil Creek, in 1859, when it suddenly jumped to fame and im- 
portance. To-day, its population of 18,645, are largely engaged in the 
petroleum business and its allied interests. 

48 




CHAUTAUQUA LAKE 



The Salamanca Branch extends from Oil City through Warren to 
Olean. 

From Oil City to Summit station the course of Oil Creek is followed 
to the top of the St. Lawrence watershed. 

Titusville, named for Jonothan Titus, one of the pioneers of the region, 
also owes its rise to fame to the oil industry — for it was on a farm nearby 
that Colonel Edwin L. Drake, on August 28, 1859, struck oil, and within 
a few weeks the entire country was flooded with drillers and speculators. 
To-day it is a city of 8,655 people. 

Cony is the junction between the Pittsburgh-Buffalo line and the 
Renovo Division. 

North from Corry the route to Buffalo traverses a section of country 
that was once the stronghold of the bloodthirsty tribe of Eries ; a country 
of hills and but little developed until one comes to the section lying along 
Lake Erie from Mayville, north. 

Mayville, lying on the side of a rounded hill, 700 feet above Lake Erie 
though but five miles distant, is the station for 

■ Chautauqua Lake, a lovely sheet of water, twenty miles long and 
varying in width from a half mile to a mile and a half, cupped between 
high hills and feeding the Chadokoin River, from whose title the name 
of the lake is a corruption. It was visited in 1615 by Ettienne Brule, a 
companion of Champlain, and, in 1749, by Bienville de Celoron. The 
Chautauqua Institution at Chautauqua is world famous, and there are 
a number of pretty summer resorts scattered around the lake. 

Beyond Mayville the railroad traverses the grape belt of western 
New York to the shore of Lake Erie, which it follows all the way to 
Buffalo. Brocton and Dunkirk, the latter a busy city of 17,599, are 
the centers of this industry. The output of this region is, approxi- 
mately, 3,000 carloads of grapes annually. Fredonia, a suburb of Dun- 
kirk, is noted as the home of Lieutenant dishing of "Albemarle" 
fame. Irving Station, near Cattaraugus Creek, marks the passage of 
the railroad through the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation, where Senecas, 
Cayugas and Onondagas now till the soil their ancestors once roamed 
over in savagery. 

From this point into Buffalo one passes through a picturesque farming 
section, dotted with small towns and villages, with Lake Erie in sight all 
the time. 



Pittsburgh to Brownsville 

The Monongahela Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad follows 
the beautiful course of the Monongahela River for more than 
seventy miles through one of the most charming valleys in Penn- 
sylvania. It penetrates one of the richest bituminous coal mining districts 
in the East, which, until the running of the Mason-Dixon boundary line, 
was claimed jointly by Pennsylvania and Virginia. 

In the Indian tongue, the name "Monongahela" signified "The Falling 
in Banks," from the mouldering or falling shores of the river, and that this 
section was a well-known region to the aborigine is evidenced by the 
existence of traces of "mounds" in the surrounding country. 

Homestead, with a population of 21,256, is the site of a great steel 
plant employing thousands. 

Duquesne, with its suburb, South Duquesne, and a combined popula- 
tion of 18,576, contains over one hundred acres in its huge steel plant. 

Dravosburg, across the river from McKeesport, one of the leading 
industrial centers in the valley, is said to have been a drilling ground for 
the troops under Washington in the Braddock campaign. 

West Elizabeth is the station for Elizabeth, on the east bank of the 
river, for many years a noted boat building community, many of the 
boats still running on the Monongahela having been constructed here. 
The hills on both sides of the river at this point are very beautiful, rising 
to a height of about four hundred feet. 

Beyond are extensive tipples, in many cases crossing over the tracks, 
down which the coal from the hills is shot into the waiting flotilla of 
barges. 

Monongahela City dates back to 1796, when a grant for a tract of 
land, then known as Southwark, was made to Joseph Parkinson. Its 
population of 7,600 are largely engaged in the mining of coal, for the 
city has sixty-eight acres of coal lands within its limits. 

The Ellsworth Branch extends from Monongahela City to Marianna, 
through a coal mining section. 

South of Monongahela City the river valley widens and the hillsides 
and plateaus are dotted with prosperous farms and busy communities. 

Donora, with a population of 8,174; West Monessen, the station for 
Monessen, a manufacturing city of 11,755; Charleroi, with 11,185 
inhabitants, are the largest points en route to West Brownville and its 
sister city 

Brownsville, on the east bank of the river and the junction point with 
the Monongahela Railroad, extending up the river to Fairmont, West 
Virginia. 

Brownsville's history is most interesting. In February, 1754, Captain 
Trent located Redstone Old Fort on the present site of the city as a post 
for the Ohio Company. In 1759, James Burd, sent from Carlisle by Colonel 
Bouquet, rebuilt a complete fortification, with bastions, moat and draw- 
bridge, and called it Fort Burd. 

In 1791, at a public meeting held in the little town around the fort, was 
fomented the famous Whiskey Riots, when the farmers objected to the 
excise tax on the production of whiskey from their rye. 

But at a meeting at Southwark (Monongahela City), October 24, 1794, 
the insurrection died. 

To-day, Brownsville and West Brownsville have a combined popula- 
tion of about 5,000. 

The Redstone Branch, over which through trains are operated between 
Pittsburgh and Uniontown, extends from Brownsville Junction, and a 
branch line also extends up the river to Rice's Landing. 

50 



Pittsburgh to Crestline 

Upon leaving Pennsylvania Station, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 
trains to Chicago via the Fort Wayne Route, which is the route 
of the "Broadway Limited," "Pennsylvania Limited," and "Man- 
hattan Limited," turn directly across the Allegheny River into and through 
the city of Allegheny. The prospects from the bridge, particularly during 
the night hours, of the enormous steel plants lining both sides of the 
river for several miles, their chimneys and converters belching great fans 
of flame, is almost awe-inspiring. 

The tracks are elevated through Allegheny, except across one of the 
city parks, where a subway is utilized. As one passes Federal Street sta- 
tion, the Soldiers' Monument, a fine specimen of memorial art, may be 
seen surmounting a hill on the left-hand side of the railroad going west. 
The railroad traverses the city for some distance until it curves around to 
the shelving banks of the Ohio River, just on the northern border of the 
city. Thence, for a distance of about twenty-five miles, the great four- 
track roadway follows the Ohio's east bank to the point where the Beaver 
River flows into it from the north. 

Sewickley, twelve and a half miles north of Pittsburgh, built on the 
hills that sweep back from the river, is the residence town of many of 
Pittsburgh's leading business men. 

Economy, just beyond Ambridge, is noted from the fact that it was 
founded in 1825 by members of the Society of Harmonists, or Economites, 
a religious socialistic community founded in 1787 by George Rapp in 
Wurtemburg, Germany, who came thither about 1810 to escape perse- 
cution. 

Rochester, with a population of 6,120, marks the mouth of the Beaver 
River, which flows into the Ohio at this point from the north. The Ohio 
itself turns toward the west beyond Rochester, forming the top of a huge 
horse shoe. Rochester is a busy town, utilizing its fine water power in 
the production of flour, bricks, lumber, glassware, foundry materials, 
mining tools, manufactured iron, and oil-well supplies. Near it was the 
site of the early settlement of Logstown, established during the French 
and Indian War. 






ALONG THE OHIO NEAR SEWICKLEY 



Leaving the Ohio Valley at Rochester the railroad continues up the 
east bank of the Beaver River to 

New Brighton, settled in 1799, and in the early days the -eastern 
terminus of the Ohio packet-boat system on the rivers and canals. New 
Brighton to-day is a prosperous city of 9,000 population, engaged in the 
production of fine pottery, coffee mills, wire and nails, bricks and sewer 
pipes, twine, cordage, bath tubs and fire engines. 

The Beaver River is crossed just beyond New Brighton Station, the 
railroad turning north along the west bank of the river, which rises in 
precipitous cliffs almost from the water's edge. 

Beaver Falls, with a population of about 13,050, was one of the early 
settlements in Western Pennsylvania, a few pioneers locating there about 
1800. To-day, Beaver Falls is a progressive town, with steel works, bridge 
works, and plants manufacturing gas engines, hardware and glassware. 

Leaving Beaver Falls the railroad rapidly ascends the steep bank of 
the Beaver to Homewood, a little settlement four miles north, the junc- 
tion point with the line to Cleveland via Youngstown, to Erie, and to 
Oil City via New Castle. 

Beyond Homewood the line passes through the hills enclosing the 
valley of the Little Beaver River, traversing a picturesque farm-land 
section. Just beyond the little town of Enon, the State line between 
Pennsylvania and Ohio is crossed, and the railroad surmounts the water- 
shed between the Ohio and the Great Lakes through a fine section of 
pottery clays. 

Salem, a busy city of 12,000 inhabitants, with machine shops, engine 
works, church organ, wire nail, pump manufactories and other industries, 
and 

Sebring, a noted example of a "company town" in which is located a 
large pottery, are centers in this section. 

Alliance is the junction point with the Cleveland and Pittsburgh 
Division, which digresses from the main line at Rochester. There is also 
a branch line running to Youngstown. 

Alliance was first settled in 1838, then being known as Freedom, which 
name it bore until 1850. It is a busy town of 18,500 inhabitants, who are 
engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements, terra cotta ware, 
heavy machinery, structural iron, gun carriages, steam hammers and 
white lead products. Mt. Union College, a Methodist Episcopal institu- 
tion, founded in 1846, is located here. 

Canton, eighteen miles west of Alliance, is noted as the home and 
burial place of the martyred president, William McKinley. The monu- 
ment erected to commemorate his life and achievements may be seen 
from the train just after leaving the station going west. Canton's 60,000 
inhabitants are largely engaged in the manufacture of agricultural imple- 
ments, brick and tiles, as well as in the manufacture of stoves and other 
iron and steel products. 

Massillon, first settled in 1825, has of late years become important 
as the center of the extensive coal fields opened in the valley of the Tus-. 
carawas River. Its workshops produce iron and steel, including the 
manufacture of bridges, pottery, glass and flour. The Ohio State Hospital 
for the Insane is located at Massillon. 

Beyond Massillon the line curves to the northward across the Ohio 
Canal, which bisects the State from Cleveland to Portsmouth on the 
Ohio River, and then follows for a number of miles the charming valley 
of the Tuscarawas, crossing and recrossing the little stream many times. 
Between Lawrence and Burton City there is an extensive territory of the 
famous Ohio black mud. Here is located one of the greatest onion- 
growing belts in the country. 

52 




AKRON DIVISION NEAR GLENMONT 



Orrville is the junction point with the Akron Division, running between 
Columbus and Cleveland. 

Fort Fizzle, near Glenmont station on the Akron Division, is a relic of 
the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a body of northern men in sympathy 
with the Southern Confederacy, who in 1863, built this stronghold, intending 
to strike a blow at the Middle West when Lee had overcome Philadelphia. 
They were overthrown in June, 1863. 

Akron, twenty-nine miles north of Orrville on the Akron Division, is a 
progressive city of approximately 100,000 population, and the seat of 
several of the largest rubber manufactories of the country. It is especially 
noted for its production of automobile tires. At Barberton, the southern 
suburb of Akron, is located the largest match works in the world. 

Wooster, with a population of 8,500, is noted as the home of Wooster 
University, one of Ohio's leading educational institutions. On the hill 
just west of the town, the Ohio Experimental Station, devoted to scien- 
tific farming and agricultural development, stands in full view of trains. 
The city has a number of manufactories, including furniture, door, sash 
and blind shops; boilers, engines and gearing works; flour mills and 
brick works. 

The country west of Wooster is very low, that around Big Prairie being 
the first of the great open stretches of land for which Indiana and Illinois 
are famed. 

Mansfield, with a population of 22,417, is the center of a thriving 
agricultural section, and the energies of its people are devoted to the 
manufacture and sale of agricultural implements of all sorts — pumps, 
wagons, and steel soil pipe — as well as to the production of electrical 
goods and brass foundering. The Ohio State Reformatory is located at 
Mansfield. 

Six and a half miles west of Mansfield, the Toledo Division leaves the 
main line and runs northwestward. 

Crestline, which the Pennsylvania skirts through its southern end, is 
a quiet town lying on the western border of the Ohio hills, marking 
the western terminus of the Eastern Division. 



Crestline to Fort Wayne 

From Crestline practically all the way to Chicago the Pennsylvania 
System traverses the great prairies of the Middle West. These 
wonderful level areas, miles in extent, with but few trees, and those 
mainly planted by early settlers, are very productive for farming and 
provide fine grazing for stock of all kinds. 

Bucyrus, the center of a fine stock-raising section and a manufacturing 
point for farm machinery and the various appliances utilized in the care 
of cattle, as well as of fine furniture, is the junction point with the Toledo 
Division branch extending through the center of Ohio from Columbus to 
Sandusky. 

Just after passing Bucyrus station, going west, trains cross the bridge 
spanning the Sandusky River, one of the largest water courses of Western 
Ohio, around whose banks the Indian and the white man, in the later 
years of the eighteenth century, waged bitter warfare. 

Upper Sandusky, where the railroad again crosses the Sandusky 
River, which turns northward to empty, some miles north, into Lake 
Erie, is a busy city. Its factories turn out machinery, furniture, and 
wagons of various sorts, as well as foundry products and flour. 

A few miles to the northwest is the site of a terrific battle between the 
Delaware Indians and a force of white men, under the command of 
Colonel William Crawford. During the year 1782 these Indians had 
been ravaging the homes of the settlers in the Sandusky Valley, and 
Colonel Crawford was sent from Fort Steuben, at Steubenville, with 500 
men to subdue them. He met the Indians, whose habitat at that time 
was the Tuscarawas Valley, at this point and was badly defeated, being 
captured and burned at the stake, in revenge for the slaughter of Indians 
then going on in Southern Ohio. 

Near Forest station, twelve miles beyond Upper Sandusky, the tracks 
cross the Blanchard River, one of the main tributaries of the Maumee 
River. 

Ada is the seat of the Ohio Northern University. 

Lima is in the heart of the great petroleum and natural gas belt of 
Western Ohio, and is also the seat of Lima College, a Lutheran institution 
of learning. With a population of 34,500, Lima is interested in the refin- 
ing and handling of petroleum and its by-products. There are also large 
railroad repair shops located here, as well as locomotive and car works. 

The little station of Auglaize marks the crossing of the Auglaize River, 
another tributary of the Maumee. Four miles farther on is 

Delphos, a busy town of 6,000 people, which contains a railroad repair 
shop of the Pennsylvania System, and several furniture and wooden- 
ware manufactories. Just west of the city the railroad crosses the Erie 
and Miami Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Miami River. 

From Delphos to Fort Wayne the line lies through an agricultural 
section, which is under fine cultivation, and dotted with a number of 
villages and towns. 

Van Wert, in the center of this section, is an enterprising community 
of 8, 200 people who are engaged in the manufacture of needed products 
for the surrounding country and in stock raising. 

The line between the States of Ohio and Indiana runs directly through 
the center of the town of Dixon, the main street of the town, on which is 
located the Pennsylvania Station, being the dividing line. 

Fort Wayne, the largest city passed en route between Pittsburgh 
and Chicago, is, next to Indianapolis, the most important railroad center 
in the State of Indiana, seven steam railroads and a number of electric lines 
converging at this point. It was named for General Anthony Wayne. 



Historically, Fort Wayne goes back to about the middle of the seven- 
teenth century, when it was visited by La Salle, who found there the 
central city of the once powerful Miami tribe of Indians. It was known 
then as Ke-ki-on-ga. At various times during the seventeenth and eigh- 
teenth centuries both the French and the English had military posts at 
Ke-ki-on-ga. In 1790 General Harmar, at the head of an expedition, 
was badly defeated within the limits of the present city, and a year later 
General St. Clair, of the American army, was also defeated just outside 
of Fort Wayne. 

During the campaign waged by Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, 
in August, 1812, Fort Wayne was invested by the Indians and its meager 
garrison hard pressed for about two weeks, until relief came from other 
posts. 

The city to-day has a population of 75,000 persons. Its public build- 
ings are ornate and costly, and its business buildings and residences 
are modern in construction. There are many manufactories located in 
and around the city producing a wide variety of goods. 

The St. Joseph and St. Mary rivers unite within the city limits to form 
the Maumee River, and the surrounding scenery is charming. Concordia 
College and a number of schools and academies are located within the 
city limits, and the State Home for Feeble Minded is just outside the city. 

The lines of the Pennsylvania System are elevated through the city. 
The Grand Rapids & Indiana Railway, one of the Pennsylvania's sub- 
sidiary lines, extending from Richmond up through Michigan to the Great 
Lakes, crosses the main line a short distance east of the city limits. 

North of Fort Wayne, this important division of the Pennsylvania 
System extends through one of the most delightful summer resorts regions 
in the Middle West, as well as one of the greatest furniture producing 
sections in the world. 

Historically, the State of Michigan was one of the earliest visited regions 
west of the Alleghenies. Jean Nicolet had come thither as early as 1634, 
and Father Marquette made a settlement at Michilimackinac (now 
Mackinaw City, the terminus of the line) in 1670. At the latter point, 
the British garrison in the old fort were massacred by Pontiac in 1763. 

Grand Rapids, the chief city on this important line of the Pennsylvania 
System, was first settled in 1828, when Joseph Campeau established an 
Indian trading post where the city now stands. 




AN OUTING IN THE MICHIGAN WOODS 



To-day, with a population of 123,227, it ranks as one of the most im- 
portant furniture centers in the world as well as a busy manufacturing 
city in other lines. It is also the chief center in the great fruit belt of central 
Michigan. The Michigan Soldiers' Home is located three miles from the 
city. 

Fort Wayne to Chicago 

Continuing westward, the Pennsylvania System leaves the valley of 
the St. Joseph and bisects the prairies of northern Indiana through 
wonderful farm land. About nineteen miles west of Fort Wayne 
it crosses the Eel River, one of the tributaries of the Wabash, and enters 

Columbia City, a lumber town of 3,448 population, and the junction 
point with the Michigan Division from Terre Haute, through Logansport 
to Butler and Toledo. 

Winona Lake, which takes its name from the small lake lying south 
of the railroad, is noted as the site of the Winona Assembly and Summer 
School, annually attracting thousands of students and teachers from the 
leading colleges, universities, and schools of the country. During the 
summer months the hotels and cottages around the lake are thronged with 
those who come to attend the schools and to take part in the many out- 
door pleasures to be found here. 

Warsaw, a little over a mile west of Winona Lake, and connected 
with it by both railroad and electric line, is one of the older settlements 
in this part of the State, its history dating back to 1836. To-day its popu- 
lation of 6,100 are engaged in various manufactures, principally those 
relating to agriculture, for this part of the State is distinctly a farming 
section. 

A mile or so west of Warsaw the head-waters of the Tippecanoe River, 
famed in history from its association with President William Henry 
Harrison, are crossed. 

Plymouth, lying along the banks of the Yellow River, which, with the 
Kankakee and several other streams, unite to form the Illinois River, is 
the junction point with the branch extending from Logansport to South 
Bend. The latter point is a few miles south of Old Fort St. Joseph, a 
landmark in the campaign against the hostile Indians who opposed 
settlement in southern Michigan in 1754. Ten miles south of Plymouth is 
beautiful Lake Maxinkuckee. 

Davis, just west of Plymouth, on the Kankakee River, is the northern 
entrance to the famed hunting and fishing grounds in English Lake. 
This lake is virtually a widening of the Kankakee, and the Yellow River 
empties into it from the East. 

Valparaiso is noted as the seat of Valparaiso University, one of the 
largest institutions of learning in the State, and also of the Northern 
Indiana Normal School. First settled in 1836, following the driving; 
farther west of the hostile Indians under Tecumseh, Valparaiso grew 
rapidly until to-day it has a population of 8,475, and its shops turn out 
many remarkable products, notably mica paint, dairy materials and 
machinery. 

Shortly before reaching the city of Gary the waters of Lake Michigan 
may be seen stretching out to the north of the tracks, the railroad skirting 
this enormous inland sea for almost thirty-five miles. 

Gary, twenty-eight miles east of Chicago, was founded and all the 
buildings utilized by its 18,300 inhabitants were built to house and care 
for the employes of the enormous steel plant located at this point. Gary 
has every convenience of the modern city, including electric street-car 
service, and practically all of its people derive their support from the 
steel works. 

56 







wr~ -fc*.-.j 




^^^■^,^,^,^1; 



h hi il'i 



A TYPICAL ILLINOIS FARM 



Indiana Harbor is always interesting to travelers from the East 
entering the city of Chicago on account of the enormous cement works 
stretched alongside the tracks for quite a distance. Here the slag from 
the steel plants is ground up to make Portland cement. 

Three miles west of Indiana Harbor, on the south side of the tracks, 
are two large, shallow lakes, known as Lake George and Lake Wolf. 
The through route from the East via Columbus and Logansport skirts 
the western edge of Lake Wolf and joins the Fort Wayne Division at 

Colehour, marking the State line between Indiana and Illinois. From 
this point to Union Station one is within the corporate boundaries of the 
city of Chicago. A little over three miles farther on the railroad crosses 
the Calumet River, the outlet into Lake Michigan of Lake Calumet, as 
well as of Lake Wolf and Lake George, which surround the southern 
end of the city. 

For about thirteen miles from this point the tracks are elevated. South 
Chicago, larger than many cities, but only a recent annex of the greater 
city, and Englewood, in the heart of the fine residential section of the 
South side of Chicago, lead into the principal part of the mid-west metropo- 
lis. At Twenty-second Street the tracks cross the arm of the Chicago 
River, which, by the construction of the great drainage canals, has been 
made to flow in the reverse direction. 

Chicago, the western terminus of both the Fort Wayne and Pan-Handle 
routes of the Pennsylvania System, with a population of 2,388,500, 
ranks as the second city in the United States, the business center for the 
great West and the busiest railroad city in the world. 

It is probable that Joliet and Marquette were the first white men who 
saw the present site of Chicago, then on the Indian canoe route from the 
Great Lakes to the Mississippi Valley. This was in 1673, and Pere 
Marquette spent the following winter in a small cabin here. In the early 
part of the eighteenth century, the French built a fort at Chicago Portage, 
which was still standing in 1795. 

Jean Baptiste Pointe de Saible, a San Domingan negro, appears to have 
been the first permanent settler in Chicago, where he located as an Indian 
trader in 1777. John Kinzie, an American, bought the location in 1803. 
Fort Dearborn, built on the river opposite Kinzie's cabin to house, in 
1804, the small garrison of United States troops sent out after the George 
Rogers Clark conquest in 1798, was burned and its garrison massacred 



by Indians under orders from Colonel Hull of the British forces, August 
15, 1812. 

In 1816, Fort Dearborn was rebuilt and a small village grew up around 
it, which, in 1837, was incorporated as a city with a population of 4,170. 
But it was not until the railroads touched Chicago in 1852, that it really 
began to grow. As the railroad lines crept into Chicago and thence west- 
ward over the plains, the city increased in importance. 

A memorable year in the history of Chicago is 1871. On Sunday evening, 
October 8th, Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lamp in a small barn on 
the west side and started the great fire. For twenty-four hours the fire 
raged, over an area of 2,024 acres, with great loss of life — estimated at 
300 persons — and a property loss of $187,000,000. The consequent des- 
titution and suffering called out instantaneous responses from all parts of 
this country and from Europe. Many insurance companies were forced 
to suspend, but some $46,000,000 of fire claims were paid; bank vaults 
were, fortunately, found intact. Within two years the burned area was 
again covered with buildings, and in the rebuilding much more substantial 
types were used. 

Less than eighty years ago Chicago had but little more than 4,000 
inhabitants; to-day, one of its immense office buildings houses a larger 
number of workers, while one retail store has 7,500 employes. From the 
downtown business section, crowded with lofty sky-scrapers indicative 
of the hustling business activities so manifest, to the quieter hotel and 
residential sections, and including the great stock yards, everywhere 
throughout its area of 194 square miles is the western spirit of push and 
hustle displayed. 

In value of product, Chicago's greatest industry is meat-packing and 
slaughtering, with annual product of $270,000,000. Next comes clothing, 
with $70,000,000, and printing machinery and its allied industries, with 
$50,000,000. Chicago claims to have 150 distinct lines of manufactures, 
each of which exceeds $100,000 in value of product per annum. The 
total annual value of manufacturers of all sorts is over one billion dollars ; 
one company employs 13,000 men; one plant has an output valued at 
$200,000,000 annually. 

Twenty-six of the principal railroad trunk lines of the country run 
trains into Chicago terminals, in addition to numerous belt lines. The 
corporate limits of the city are gridironed with no less than 800 miles of 




NEW UNION STATION, CHICAGO 
(Under Construction) 




THE LAKE FRONT, CHICAGO 



main track and 1,400 miles of auxiliary tracks and sidings. Chicago is 
the terminus and starting point of all its railroad lines, no regular train 
passing through Chicago en route to another destination. There are six 
railroad stations in Chicago, and passengers holding through tickets are 
transferred where necessary. The Union Station, used by the Pennsyl- 
vania System, is being replaced by a modern and handsome structure on 
a site slightly removed from the present one at Adams and Canal streets. 
The park system of Chicago is extensive. The public parks cover 
4,388 acres, and the various parks are connected by boulevards splendidly 
paved and affording favorite highways for automobilists. The entire 
circuit requires a journey of sixty-eight miles. The best known of these 
public pleasure grounds is Jackson Park, the site of the World's Columbian 
Exposition in 1893. 

Pittsburgh to Cleveland 

Between Pittsburgh and Cleveland the Pennsylvania System main- 
tains three routes, over two of which through cars to and from 
the East are run, and over the third through cars are run from 
and to Pittsburgh. 

Passengers taking through cars via Youngstown traverse the same 
route as Chicago passengers as far as Homewood. 

Thence the railroad extends along the west bank of the Beaver River to 

Mahoningtown, a little village lying at the confluence of the Beaver 
and Mahoning rivers. This is the junction point with the Erie Division 
extending through New Castle to Erie, through the valley of the She- 
nango River. 

New Castle, at the junction of the Shenango and Neshannock rivers, 
is one of the leading industrial centers on the western border of Pennsyl- 
vania. Iron and steel and products manufactured from them; glass, 
cement, china, pottery and table ware of all kinds are the leading indus- 
tries. First settled in 1800, to-day it has a population of 40,000. 

The Cleveland line turns northward from Mahoningtown through 
the narrow valley of the Mahoning to Youngstown. The State line be- 
tween Pennsylvania and Ohio is crossed about midway between Ilillsville 
and Haselton. 

Youngstown, with a little over 110,000 population, is the chief steel 
and iron center in Eastern Ohio. Its development has been almost phe- 
nomenal in the past quarter of a century, and in point of material wealth 
it rivals many cities much larger in population. 

The land on which the old part of the city, along the river, stands was 
bought, in 1796, by one John Young from the Connecticut Land Com- 
pany, and a thrifty little settlement soon sprang up in the deep gorge 
between the hiffh hills on either side of the river. 



To-day, the city extends over five miles up and down the river and on 
the hills on either side. Great blast furnaces roar from one end of the 
year to the next, and hundreds of plants, large and small, make the city 
a busy hive of industry. 

Following the Mahoning, through a series of great steel mills, one 
comes to 

Niles, also an important mill city and the junction point with the line 
running to Ashtabula on Lake Erie. Over this branch much of the iron 
ore from the great Michigan mines reaches the Youngstown and Pitts- 
burgh districts. Niles is also noted as the birthplace of the martyr-Presi- 
dent William McKinley. 

Turning west from Niles, still alongside the Mahoning, the line traverses 
a rolling section of fine farm land. Crossing the river at Newton Falls, 
a beautiful cataract, the route extends to 

Ravenna, a center for summer resorters, who throng to the numerous 
small lakes that lie in and around the town, and a manufacturing point 
for agricultural implements and furniture. 

This is in the heart of the Western Reserve, that great tract of land 
once belonging to Connecticut which was sold in 1795-96, the proceeds 
being largely devoted to the establishment of Western Reserve University, 
started at Hudson, but now located in Cleveland. 

Six miles further on the railroad enters the valley of the Cuyahoga 
River, which it follows all the way to Cleveland. 

Hudson is the junction point with the Akron Division, the through 
route from Columbus to Cleveland. This quiet country town was one 
of the earliest settlements in the Western Reserve, and was noted, 
during the Civil War days, as the chief headquarters of the Abolition- 
ists in Ohio. 

Twelve miles north of Hudson is one of the prettiest places on the 




THE "SQUARE," CLEVELAND 



Cuyahoga River. Here this wandering stream has carved for itself a 
deep gorge, through which it flows for some distance. Near Bedford 
station the river leaps over a high ridge of rocks in two falls. 

It is but a few miles farther to the outskirts of Cleveland. The rail- 
road enters the city from the southeast and crosses two of the larger 
thoroughfares, Woodland Avenue and Euclid Avenue, with a station at 
each street. The latter station is the point at which persons destined to 
the residential section of the city leave the train. 

Before reaching Euclid Avenue, the tracks become elevated and curve 
through the business section down to the shore of the lake, which is seen 
for some distance before the Union Station is reached. 

Cleveland, with a population of 668,803, ranks sixth among the great 
cities of the country. As one of the big receiving ports for the giant lake 
steamers engaged in the iron ore trade it is one of the principal iron and 
steel industry centers of the country. 

Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor sent out by the Connecticut Land Com- 
pany, in 1796, to survey and establish New Connecticut in the Western 
Reserve, picked out the plateau lying alongside Lake Erie, near the 
mouth of the Cuyahoga River, for the capital of the new domain, and the 
new town became known by his name. 

Its name was sometimes spelled "Cleaveland" and again "Cleve- 
land." The latter spelling was established in 1831, when the news- 
paper was unable to get the letter "a" in the title in the width of its 
headline. The growth of the city was slow until the Ohio Canal was 
built in 1832, when the settlement quickly grew by immigration from 
the East. 

As a headquarters for the oil industry, following the development of 
the great wells in western Pennsylvania in the early '60's, Cleveland 
became a center of note. 

To-day, aside from the importance of the iron ore trade over the Great 
Lakes, steel ships, heavy machinery, wire and wire nails, bolts and nuts, 
malleable castings, are among the many metal products of Cleveland, 
while the automobile industry, with the necessary adjunct of gasoline 
refining, figures largely in its total manufactures. The city claims to have 
four per cent of the savings deposits of the country, while it has but one 
per cent of the total population. 

Cleveland has an extensive parking system, with twenty-two parks 
containing 1,326 acres. On the Lake Shore is Gordon Park of 122 acres, 
and two miles back on an elevation overlooking the Lake is W T ade Park, 
containing the marble monument to Commodore Perry, hero of the battle 
of Lake Erie, which at one time stood in Public Square. 

The Pennsylvania System runs into the Union Station, lying on the 
lake front in the heart of the city. It also has its own station, Euclid 
Avenue, in the eastern end of the city, on Euclid Avenue, Cleveland's 
famed residential and business boulevard. 

Through cars to Cleveland via Salem, traverse the main line of the 
Fort Wayne Route to Alliance; thence turning northward over a steep 
grade surmounting the watershed of the Cuyahoga River, the route extends 
through a number of small towns to Ravenna, joining there the line run- 
ning via Youngstown. 

Passengers via the route through Wellsville, leave the Fort Wayne 
main line at Rochester and cross the Beaver River to 

Beaver, an important shipping point for oil and coal, and then fol- 
low the Ohio River through East Liverpool, where one of the largest 
potteries in the world is situated, to Wellsville, where the route turns 
northward through the hills to Alliance and thence through Ravenna 
to Cleveland. 

61 



Mansfield to Toledo 

The Toledo Division,which branches from the Fort Wayne main line at 
Toledo Junction, a few miles west of Mansfield, traverses a section of 
fine farm land, watered by the Sandusky, Portage and Maumee rivers. 

Tiffin, the largest city on the division, lies on the Sandusky River, and 
is not only the center of the agricultural district surrounding it, but a 
noted glass manufacturing point. 

Beyond the crossing of the Portage River, near Woodville Station, one 
enters the valley of the Maumee, which was noted as the northern end 
of the Indian trail from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi Valley. Canoes 
were paddled up the Maumee to near Fort Wayne; thence by a short 
carry to the Wabash, an all-water route for hundreds of miles was obtained. 

It was along the Maumee, which is crossed just before Toledo Station 
is reached, that many noted fights with the Indians were waged in the 
campaign of 1794, when General Anthony Wayne utterly routed the 
Miamis at the battle of Fallen Timbers. 

Toledo is one of the chief cities of Northern Ohio and one of the prin- 
cipal seaports on Lake Erie. As a producer of iron and steel, and the varied 
products of these two staples; of plate glass and fine art glass; of vehicles 
of all kinds, including wagons, carriages, automobiles, and bicycles, it is 
well known. 

While it is probably true that the first actual settlement on the site 
now occupied by Toledo was made by the French, who invaded this 
section of the country in the early days of the eighteenth century, the 
first historic event was the erection of Fort Necessity, at the junction of 
the Maumee and Swan Creek, in which, in 1805, a treaty of peace was 
made between the Indians and the United States, by which the Red Men 
yielded final title to the "Fire Lands," claimed by the citizens of Groton 
and New London, Conn., as recompense for the burning of these two 
towns by the British during the Revolution. 

The first actual settlement was made in 1817 at the mouth of Swan 
Creek, but it did not last. A second attempt was made in 183*2 by Major 
Stickney, and after some rivalry between the two villages, which were a 
mile apart, a consolidation was effected, and the united town named 
Toledo at the suggestion of Willard J. Daniels, because no other town 
in the United States bore such a name, and it was euphonious. 

The city's growth was slow until the opening of the Wabash and Erie 
Canal in 1843, when it began to increase in size and importance, and 
to-day it stands well to the forefront of the business world, with a popu- 
lation approximating 187,000 persons. 

The city itself is well laid out with wide streets, many of them well 
shaded by old forest trees. It has a park system of nearly 900 acres. 
The wharves, with the enormous grain elevators, where is received the 
bumper crops of grains from the great Northwest, are always interesting 
to visitors to the city. 

There are a number of important buildings in the city, notably the 
Lucas County Courthouse and the Toledo State Hospital for the Insane. 

Detroit, the terminus of through cars from Pittsburgh and the East, 
with a population of 537,650, is noted as the greatest automobile center 
in the world. Through the Detroit River is carried almost the entire 
tonnage of the Great Lakes. 

Detroit was first settled by Cadillac on July 24, 1701, when Fort Pon- 
chartrain was built. Taken over then by the English in 1760, the post was 
bitterly besieged by Pontiac from May 9 to October 12, 1763. The town 
was entirely destroyed by fire in 1805; then rebuilt and became the 
capital of the territory. In 1847 the capital was removed to Lansing. 



f * ♦ 




THE PAN HANDLE ROUTE ALONG THE OHIO 

Pittsburgh to Columbus 

Pennsylvania system trains to Chicago, via Columbus, and to Cin- 
cinnati, Indianapolis, Louisville, and St. Louis, traverse what is 
popularly known as "The Pan Handle Route," over which runs 
"The St. Louisan" and "The New Yorker," companion trains with the 
" Broadway Limited." 

After leaving Pittsburgh, trains speed over a long bridge spanning the 
Monongahela River, -and turn northward along; the west bank of the Ohio 
for about two miles, thence through a tunnel under the high ridge which 
shuts in Pittsburgh's western borders, and up the valley of one of the 
swift-running little streams that feed the Ohio, to 

Carnegie, a busy town in the center of the Chartiers valley, which is 
the heart of the famous Pittsburgh bituminous coal district. There are 
large manufacturing establishments in Carnegie, notably a number of 
steel plants. 

It is also the junction point with the branch lines extending south to 
Washington and Waynesburg. 

Washington is a manufacturing city of about 26,200 population and 
the seat of Washington and Jefferson College, founded in 1780. 

Crossing the high divide around which the Ohio River makes a big 
horse shoe curve, and passing McDonald, an oil and bituminous coal 
town, the picturesque valley of Harmone Creek is followed to 

New Cumberland Junction, the junction with the branch line to 
Chester, running north along the east bank of the Ohio River, and 

Wheeling Junction, the point from which the branch line to Wheel- 
ing, W. Va., leaves the main line, and also the last station in the State 
of West Virginia, the railroad crossing the Ohio River on a long bridge 
just after leaving the station. 

Wheeling, twenty-four miles south, one of the most important busi- 
ness cities in West Virginia, is noted as being one of the first towns founded 
on the Ohio River. Fort Henry, named for Patrick Henry, was erected 
in 1774, and withstood three sieges. 

63 



Steubenville, a busy manufacturing city of 26,000, is noted as the 
place where steam was first used in the United States in manufactures. 
It was settled in 1797, following the erection of Fort Steuben here in 
1786, and the start of Crawford's disastrous campaign against the Wyan- 
dottes, in 1782, from this point. Steubenville is the junction point with 
the branch extending from Beaver along the west bank of the Ohio to 
Powhatan. 

Westward from Steubenville, the railroad follows the Ohio River for 
over three miles, and then turns abruptly west through the rolling hills 
of eastern Ohio. Many pretty little settlements dot the line. 

Dennison receives its name from William Dennison, governor of Ohio 
during the war between the States, and postmaster-general under Presi- 
dent Buchanan, who was very liberal in his benefactions to Dennison 
College. 

Just west of Tuscarawas, the Pan Handle Route enters the valley of 
the Tuscarawas River, a stream which rises to the north, through the 
hills, and alongside of which runs for many miles the canal connecting Lake 
Erie with the Ohio River at Portsmouth. Thence for nearly thirty miles, 
the railroad, the river, the canal, and one of the Ohio main roads parallel 
each other. 

Gnadenhutten, a little country village on the Tuscarawas, is remi- 
niscent of one of the most tragic events in early American history. Here, 
in 1772, the remnant of the Delaware Indians, who had been converted 
by the Moravians, created a little settlement for themselves on the banks 
of the Tuscarawas. Forced away by the English invaders in 1781, a small 
number who remained to harvest crops, in 1782 were massacred by 
Colonel Williamson and American troops, in revenge for the part the 
rest of the tribe took in the French and Indian War. 

New Comerstown is the junction point with the branch lines to 
Bayard and Goshen and with the Marietta Division. 

Zoarville, nine miles north of New Comerstown on this branch, was 
for eighty years the community Zoar of the Separatist Society, founded 
in 1817 by Joseph Bimler. 




THE BEAUTIFUL TUSCARAWAS VALLEY 

64 



Marietta, the terminus of the Marietta Division, the seat of Marietta 
College and a thriving community of about 15,000 persons, was the first 
organized settlement in the Northwest Territory, and the first court was 
held here in September, 1788. Fort Harmar had been built here two 
years before, and Fort Gower, at the mouth of the Hocking River, in 1782, 
bv the invading settlers from the East. 

Marietta was built on one of the largest of the old mounds or earth- 
works made by the ancient inhabitants of this country, of which this section 
of Ohio has many relics in the way of these peculiar "works." 

Coshocton, marks the junction of the Tuscarawas and Mohican rivers 
to form the Muskingum. In addition to being a prosperous town of 
1 2,000 people, Coshocton is also the terminus of the branch northward to 
the Fort Wayne Division at Loudonville. 

From Coshocton the railroad follows the valley of the Muskingum for 
about fourteen miles; thence along the canal for nearly twenty-two miles. 
A number of towns dot the way. 

Trinway is the junction point of the Pan Handle Route with the 
Zanesville Division, which follows the Muskingum southward to 

Zanesville, founded in 1799, and containing the largest tile works in 
the world. Thence, this division turns westward to the valley of the 
Little Miami, where it joins the Cincinnati Division at Morrow. 

Lancaster, with a population of 14,480, the county seat of Fairfield 
County, is noted as the birthplace of General W. T. Sherman and of 
Senator John Sherman. 

Circleville, on the Scioto River, was built on the site of a circular 
mound or earthworks left by the Mound Builders, hence its name. It 
has a population of 6,747. 

A branch line also extends northward from Trinway to Killbuck, on 
the Akron Division, which follows the picturesque valley of the Kill- 
buck River, a tributary of the Mohican. 

Newark is the largest town passed between Pittsburgh and Columbus. 
It has a population of 28,000, and very extensive manufactures, em- 
bracing a locomotive works and electric car factory, glass works, chemical 
instrument and carriage factories. Near Newark is the encampment 
grounds of the Ohio State Militia. Newark is also noted for the large 
prehistoric mounds in the immediate vicinity, covering four square miles. 

Between Newark and Columbus the Pennsylvania Lines cross the 
watershed between Muskingum and Scioto valleys, Summit station mark- 
ing the divide. 

Columbus, the terminus of the Pittsburgh Division of the Pan Handle 
Route, in addition to being the capital of the State of Ohio, is one of the 
most important railroad centers of the Middle West, seven lines centering 
here, six of them using the Union Station, one of the most ornate structures 
of its kind in the United States. 

Columbus, which to-day has a population of 209,722, was settled in 
1810. In 1816, it was made the State Capital. The first capitol buildings 
were of brick and cost $85,000 — in those days very fine buildings. The 
present capitol, a Doric structure of native grey limestone, covers nearly 
three acres, and, with the other government buildings, has cost about 
two and one-half millions of dollars. 

The city is a most attractive one with wide streets and fine business 
buildings and residences. Its manufactories are extensive and produce a 
wide variety of products. 

Columbus is the seat of the Ohio State University, the Capital City 
University, and St. Mary's Academy, three noted schools. The United 
States Government maintains an army post on the northeastern borders 
of the city, known as Fort Columbus. 

65 




STATE CAPITOL, COLUMBUS 

Columbus to Chicago 

Passengers to Chicago and to St. Louis via Piqua traverse the same 
line between Columbus and Bradford. Leaving the Union Station 
trains follow the valley of the Scioto River for a mile or more outside 
the city limits ; then cut across country to Big Darby Creek, which waters 
a charming farming section for over sixteen miles. 

Urbana is the largest town in this agricultural section, with a popu- 
lation of 8,100, chiefly engaged in the large rolling stock works located 
here, and in the manufacture of wagons, stoves, agricultural implements, 
shoes and furniture. Urbana University, an educational institution under 
the direction of the Swedenborgians, is located here. 

Piqua, with a population of over 14,000, is a thriving town whose 
development has been largely due to the extensive use of the water power 
of the Miami River, which flows directly through the city. Its factories 
are busy in the production of woolen goods, furniture, and iron and steel 
products. One crosses here the Miami and Erie Canal, one of the main 
stems of the Ohio Canal System. 

In 1719, the first English-speaking settlement in Ohio was made a few 
miles north of Piqua and was called Pickawillany, which was undoubtedly 
corrupted to the present name of Piqua. In 1752, all the inhabitants of 
this settlement were massacred by Indians. 

Covington. Near this town the railroad crosses the Stillwater River, 
one of the tributaries of the Miami. 

Bradford is given up almost entirely to the business of the Pennsyl- 
vania System. To the south extends the line leading to Richmond and 
Indianapolis. The fine building erected by the Young Men's Christian 
Association for the benefit of railroad men is a complete home; for it 
contains dormitories and restaurants for the use of the railroad men, and 
was erected some years ago on the triangle formed by the various lines 
centering at Bradford. 

Woodington station, just before the State line between Ohio and 

66 



Indiana is passed, is a few miles south of the site of old Fort Recovery, 
built in 1794, and of the terrible battle between St. Clair and the Wyandotte 
Indians on November 4, 1791, when St. Clair's force of 1,400 men were 
utterly routed. 

Beyond the State line, which is crossed a short distance east of Union 
City, the railroad traverses the hills dividing the valleys of the Miami 
and the Wabash, which, like Darke County, Ohio, were once the habitat 
of hostile Indian tribes, who followed the French invasion of the northern 
end of the State. Through these hills flows the Mississinewa River, one 
of the tributaries of the Wabash, which the railroad first strikes at 

Ridgeville, the junction point with the main line of the Grand Rapids 
& Indiana Railway, running north to Fort Wayne and into Michigan. 

Marion, with a population approximately 25,000, is in the natural gas 
and petroleum belt, as well as the center of an extensive agricultural 
section. Here is located one of the National Soldiers' Homes, the build- 
ings of which can be seen on the hills about three miles south of the city. 
This home is one of the most extensive in the country, the plant having 
cost the government a million and a half of dollars in its erection. 

For twenty miles beyond Miers station the little valley of Pipe Creek 
is followed all the way to its mouth in the Wabash River, where the main 
line from Cincinnati to Chicago joins the line from Columbus. 

Logansport, with a population of 22,000, is one of the chief rail- 
road cities in central Indiana. Its name was originally Logan's Port, 
from the fact that Captain Logan, a Shawnee chieftain, was killed in 
1812, near the Maumee River, to the north of the city. 

The city is most picturesquely located. The Wabash River, which at 
this point is in a wide valley between high hills, passes through the center 
of the city. The Eel River, which rises to the north, empties into the 
Wabash just west of the Pennsylvania Station, over a high ridge of rock, 
down which the water tumbles in wild confusion. Logansport's manu- 
factures are varied and extensive, although the great shops of the Penn- 
sylvania System, located here, give employment to many hundreds of its 
residents. Automobiles, and iron, steel and aluminum castings, also 
furnish a large part of its trade. 

From Logansport branch lines extend to Toledo, South Bend, Effner, 
the eastern terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (a sub- 
sidiary line of the Pennsylvania System), Terre Haute and Cincinnati. 




THE TIPPECANOE RIVER 



Leaving Logansport, Pennsylvania System trains wind up and over 
the hill to the north of the city, passing over the Eel River falls on a high 
bridge. A remarkably beautiful view of the Wabash Valley, extending 
in either direction, may be had as the train reaches the summit of the hill. 
For over eighty miles beyond the railroad traverses the great Indiana 
prairie, which covers almost the entire northern part of the State. This 
wonderful section, almost as level as a billiard table for miles, was, accord- 
ing to historians, practically uninhabited until the advent of the French 
explorers in 1669 and 1670. Dotted with hundreds of small lakes, it was 
entirely treeless. What timber is here to-day, is said to have been planted 
by the settlers who came hither about 1815. 

Winamac is interesting as marking the crossing of the Tippecanoe 
River, famed from its connection with General William Henry Harrison's 
big fight with Tecumseh and The Prophet November 7, 1811, some miles 
south, where the Tippecanoe empties into the Wabash. 

General Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, who was 
then Governor of the Northwest Territory, found it impossible to get 
Tecumseh to leave the war path. So, with 900 men, he set out to rout 
the forces under Tecumseh's brother, known as "The Prophet." During 
a parley the wily Shawnees suddenly attacked the white men, but, after 
a bitter fight, were overthrown. 

Passing English Lake, with its many bungalows and club houses, 
where hunters and fishermen come every season in great numbers, the 
railroad, just beyond Schererville station, curves down from the high 
prairie land over the escarpment, which, perhaps, at one period of the 
world's history was the southern shore line of Lake Michigan. Beyond 
this cleft one may see the smoke from Chicago's thousands of chimneys. 

Just before reaching Lansing station the State line between Indiana 
and Illinois is passed. The railroad skirts the western shore of Lake 
Wolf and joins the Fort Wayne Division in South Chicago. 

Columbus to Indianapolis 

Via Bradford 

Through trains of the Pennsylvania System from the East to Indi- 
anapolis and St. Louis, running via Bradford, traverse the same 
route between Columbus and Bradford as has been described in 
the preceding pages. Thence the route turns westward into Darke County, 
which was the scene of General Anthony Wayne's campaign against the 
Indians in 1793 and 1794. 

Greenville, a thriving city of 7,000 population, lies near the point 
where Wayne established Fort Greenville as a base for the force of 3,000 
men whom he had brought from Fort Washington at Cincinnati. After 
defeating the Wyandottes at the battle of Fallen Timbers, on the Maumee 
River, he returned to Fort Greenville, where, on August 3, 1795, he 
signed a treaty with the Indians, whereby they relinquished much territory 
in Ohio in exchange for $20,000 and an annuity of $9,000. 

New Paris, near which Fort Hamilton was erected, in 1791, as one of 
the chain of defenses against maurauding Indians, is the junction with 
the main line extending from Columbus to Indianapolis through Xenia 
and Dayton. About a mile west of New Paris the railroad crosses the line 
between Ohio and Indiana. 

Richmond, which lies on the east fork of the White Water River, is 
an active city of 28,000 inhabitants, with large and varied manufactures. 
It was settled by a group of the Society of Friends, who emigrated thither 
from North Carolina in the year 1816. It is also the seat of the Eastern 
Indiana Insane Asylum. The route to Indianapolis here crosses the main 

68 



lino between Cincinnati and Chicago, and the city is the southern terminus 
of the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railway. 

Westward to Indianapolis, the Pennsylvania System follows almost 
a straight line across the rolling prairie land — magnificent farm land, well 
watered by the White and White Water rivers. The three main forks of 
the latter river, the most important in southern Indiana, are crossed 
between Centerville and 

Cambridge City, whence a branch line extends through a grazing sec- 
tion and Shelbvville, an old town with 10,500 population, to Columbus, 
on the Louisville Division. 

Knightstown marks the crossing of the Blue River, the chief tributary 
of the White River. 

Greenfield, the largest town on the line between Richmond and In- 
dianapolis, in addition to the industry of its 5,000 citizens, is noted as the 
birthplace of the Hoosier poet, James Whitcomb Riley. 

Indianapolis, selected as the capital city of the State of Indiana in 
1820, has developed into one of the larger cities of the country, noted 
for the number and the excellence of its manufactured products, the pro- 
gressiveness of its 290,000 inhabitants, and the beauty of the city, both 
in its business and residential sections. 

The Indiana Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, which may be seen 
from trains entering the Union Station, is the finest work of art of its 
kind in the world. It stands in the center of a circle right in the heart of 
the city and towers 288 feet in the air. It was designed by Bruno Schmitz 
and cost over $500,000. 

The Indiana State House, erected at a cost of about $2,000,000, which 
occupies two entire city blacks, is a most notable structure. The new 
Federal Building, costing nearly two and one-half millions, and other 
State and municipal buildings beautify the city. There are nearly 1,200 
acres of parks in and about the city, and the famous Speedway, on which 
are held the great- 
est automobile 
contests in the 
country, is known 
everywhere. 

From Indiana- 
polis the Louis- 
ville Division ex- 
tends southward 
to Louisville and 
northward to 
Logansport, and 
the Vincennes 
Division, south- 
west to 

Vincennes, one 
of the original out- 
posts of civilization 
in the west, and the 
scene of George 
Rogers Clark's vic- 
tory over the Brit- 
ish garrison at Fort 
Sackville in 1779. 
Vincennes was first 
occupied by the 
r rench in 1702, battle monument, Indianapolis 




but was captured by the British in 1763. To-day it is an important 
manufacturing city of 16,700 population. 

Columbus to Indianapolis 

Via Xenia and Dayton 

Ieaving Columbus for Indianapolis via Xenia and Dayton, Penn- 
sylvania System passengers traverse a section of country which is 
A interesting in many ways, but more particularly from an historic 
point of view, for it is dotted with towns large and small in which history 
has been made from the earliest days up to the present time. Its story 
ranges from the building of the ancient mounds to the development of 
the modern aeroplane. 

On the left, as one passes over the bridge crossing the Scioto, which, 
rising to the northwest of Columbus, flows almost directly south, passing 
through Chillicothe, the former capital of the State, and empties into 
the Ohio at Portsmouth, one of the very early settlements in this section, 
are seen the buildings of the Ohio State Hospital for the Insane, sur- 
rounded by some very attractive landscape gardening. 

Beyond, the double-track roadway of the Pennsylvania stretches out 
across the thirty-five mile section of very rich farm land, most of it the 
black clay for which Ohio is famous. This tract was for many years 
known as the Virginia Military District, so named because Congress, 
following the Revolution, set it apart for the use and settlement of the 
officers of the Virginia regiments who had served during the war with 
Great Britain. 

West Jefferson, on Darby Creek, is noted as the place where the 
family of Logan, the Indian, were massacred in 1774, which led to Logan's 
joining the bad Indians in the West. 

Between London and South Charleston, the railroad crosses the water 
shed between the Scioto and Little Miami valleys and comes into 

Xenia, a busy city of 10,000 population, lying between the two forks 
of the latter stream, the county seat of Greene County. Here, too, is 
Wilberforce University, one of the most noted negro institutions of learn- 
ing in the country. 

Xenia is the junction point with the Cincinnati Division and with the 
branch line running northwest to 

Springfield, an important manufacturing city of 52,000 population 
and the county seat of Clarke County. 

Four miles west of Xenia the railroad crosses the Little Miami and 
continues in a northwestwardly direction to 

Dayton, noted throughout the civilized world as the home of the cash 
register and the flying machine, and, in addition to this distinction, as an 
exceedingly thrifty manufacturing city with a population of 123,677. 

First laid out in November, 1795, by General Israel Ludlow, a veteran 
of the Revolution, who helped to found Cincinnati, and named by him 
after General Jonathan Dayton, a noted figure of early American politics, 
the first permanent settlers found their way to the new town in 1796. 
Here, on December 17, 1903, Wilbur Wright made the first successful 
flight of man in a heavier-than-air machine, and paved the way for the 
wonderful science of aviation. 

Dayton was almost wiped off the map in March, 1913, by the dis- 
astrous flood of the Great Miami River, which, with the Ohio Canal, runs 
directly through the heart of the city. The devastated portions have all 
been rebuilt. 

Dayton is the northern terminus of the Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern 
Railway, a subsidiary line of the Pennsylvania System. 

70 



From Dayton to New Paris, the point of junction with the line running 
from Columbus to Indianapolis via Bradford, the railroad passes through 
a fine agricultural section. 



Indianapolis to St. Louis 



ON the western outskirts of Indianapolis the St. Louis line crosses 
| the west fork of the White River, the shallow stream flowing to 
the south, along whose banks the Delaware Indians waged bitter 
warfare around the year 1800. This tribe originally came from the At- 
lantic coast, where they are best known as the Lenni Lenape. 

Between Indianapolis and Terre Haute many small towns and vil- 
lages dot the hillsides and the little valleys. There is much coal land in 
this vicinity, and good farms under cultivation. 

Greencastle, with a population of about 5,000, was one of the early 
settlements in Indiana, its history going back to 1822. To-day, it is a 
progressive city with extensive trade in lumber and tin plate. De Pauw 
University, w r hich was founded in 1837 by the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, is located here. 

Brazil is a junction with a short branch line running to Saline City 
on the south, and the Central Indiana Railway, a subsidiary company, 
extending to Muncie. There are very rich mines of block coal in the 
vicinity, as w r ell as very extensive deposits of pottery clay, which are utilized 
in the production of tiles. Brazil has a population of 12,000. 

Beyond Brazil one comes down into the valley of the Wabash River, 
which, during the early years of the nineteenth century, witnessed many 
bitter struggles between the Indians and the settlers who took up land 
in what was then the Northwest Territory. 

Terre Haute, laid out as a city in 1816, and chartered in 1833, is 
one of the most prominent railroad and manufacturing centers in the 
Middle West. It lies in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and in the 
center of coal lands, comprising over 2,000 square miles. The Michigan 
Division extends northeastwardly from Terre Haute to Logansport and 
Toledo and the Peoria Division northwestwardly to Peoria. 

With a population of 63,529, and industries embracing rolling mills, 
foundries, distilleries, breweries and flour mills, its streets are well laid 
out and many handsome public and private buildings lend an attractive 
atmosphere. The Indiana State Normal School, one of the leading 
educational institutions of the State, is located here. 

Two miles and a half north of Terre Haute was the site of Fort 




AMONG THE HILLS NEAR XENIA 
71 




OLD FORT HARRISOX 



Harrison, built by General William Henry Harrison, in October, 1811, 
as a part of the defenses in the campaign against Tecumseh. Here, 
Captain Zachary Taylor, afterwards President of the United States, 
with but fifteen men, withstood a fierce attack by Indians on Sep- 
tember 3 and 4, 1812. The Wabash River is crossed just after leaving 
Terre Haute. 

Six miles west of Terre Haute, just before reaching Liggett station, 
a large sign post set up in the midst of the farm lands on the left-hand 
side of the track, going west, marks the dividing line between Indiana 
and Illinois. 

Farrington, just inside the borders of Illinois, is the junction point 
for the Peoria Division running northwest to Peoria. This line trav- 
erses the great corn belt of Illinois, one of the richest agricultural sec- 
tions in the United States, passing through Decatur, where are located 
the largest corn mills in the country, and the James Milliken University. 

Peoria, the center of the distilling district of Illinois and a thriving 
manufacturing city, with a population of 66,950, was the site of old Fort 
Crevecceur, built by the early French invaders of the West under La Salle 
in 1680. George Rogers Clarke also built a fort here in 1783. 

Nauvoo, lying on the Mississippi River midway between Keokuk and 
Burlington, the western termini of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- 
way, a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania System, is noted as the first large 
settlement of the Mormon followers on their way to Utah. 

En route to St. Louis, the line crosses the Embarras River, a mile or so 
east of the hill on which Greenup sits, and one comes a few miles further 
on to 

Martinsville, interesting from the fact that it is the center of about 
twelve hundred acres of land on which the Ohio Oil Company maintains 
a "tank farm," which is always an object of interest to travelers by this 
line to St. Louis. For several miles on either side of the track are located 
223 iron tanks, each numbered in large numerals. These tanks have a 
capacity of 35,000 barrels of oil each. 

Teutopolis, is the seat of St. Joseph's Seraphic College, an educational 
institution for the training of young men for the Roman Catholic priest- 
hood, founded in 1861, largely under the influence of a number of religious 
men who had been driven from Germany on account of persecution. 

72 



Effingham, prettily situated in a little group of hills, on either side of 
which run the two tributaries of the Little Wabash River, is the trading 
center for the extensive agricultural section extending for miles on both 
sides of the railroad. It is also the seat of Austin College. 

As the trains speed west, the railroad crosses the Kaskaskia River, a 
winding stream rising almost in the middle of Illinois and flowing south- 
ward to empty into the Mississippi a little to the southeast of St. Louis. 

This river shares with the Wabash reminiscent glory from the fact 
that its banks witnessed some of the most bitter struggles in the early 
settlement of the Middle West. About eighty miles to the southwest was 
the site of old Kaskaskia, captured from the British on the night of July 
4, 1778, by General George Rogers Clark, which led to the establishment 
of the Northwest Territory in 1783. Kaskaskia for years after its set- 
tlement by the French, in 1720, was known as ''The Paris of the West." 

Vandalia, one-time capital of Illinois, boasts of handsome residences 
and substantial business houses, and the old capitol buildings that, set 
back amongst stately trees, shelter the county officials, and are landmarks 
for the whole State. 

The selection of Vandalia as the capital of the new State of Illinois, 
after its removal from Kaskaskia, is the subject of a well authenticated 
tale. The Board of Commissioners, appointed in 1819 to select sites, so 
the story runs, followed the Kaskaskia River back from the Mississippi 
until they came to the spot where now Vandalia sits. Here one of the 
party killed a deer and, with his fellow commissioners, stopped to cook 
and eat it. So delighted were the party with the surroundings at this 
particular spot that they decided the State House should be erected on 
the very ground where the deer had been slain. The State capital was 
removed to Springfield in 1839. 

Beyond Vandalia, low, rounded hills dot the prairie land as far as the 
eye can reach, and the country is under good cultivation. This was once 
the habitat of the Kaskaskia, a tribe of Indians who are now practically 
extinct. It is more than probable that members of a prehistoric race 
also inhabited this section, for near 

Collinsville station there may be plainly seen from the passing train 
two mounds, one on either side of the track, which are in a good state of 
preservation. 




OIL TANK FARM AT MARTINSV 
73 



West from Collinsville, the railroad cuts through the bluffs that line 
the Mississippi River, and, finally, comes down alongside the "Father of 
Waters" just before the East St. Louis yards begin. 

East St. Louis, on the Mississippi directly opposite St. Louis, with 
which it is connected by three bridges — the Eads, the Merchants, and the 
St. Louis bridge — is one of the busiest cities of its size in the United States. 
In addition to being the converging point for eighteen of the railroads 
entering St. Louis, which deliver their trains here to the Terminal Railroad 
running into the great Union Station across the river, it is one of the largest 
live-stock distribution centers in the United States, and the most important 
horse and mule market in the world. Its manufactories are extensive 
and produce a wide variety of goods. 

St. Louis, the western terminus of the Southwest Division of the 
Pennsylvania System, with a population of 734,667, is the fourth city of 
the Union and the gateway to the Southwest, whose trade it controls in 
connection with Kansas City, its nearest rival for this supremacy. It 
ranks next to Chicago as a railroad center. 

St. Louis was founded February 14, 1764, by a party of French under 
a 14-year-old boy named Auguste Chouteau, who had been sent from 
New Orleans by his step-father, Pierre Laclede Liguest, to establish a 
trading post. The little village was named in honor of Louis IX of France. 
Unknown to Louisiana province, France had already secretly ceded the 
entire territory west of the Mississippi to Spain, but the village continued 
French until formal possession was taken by Spain in 1770, when the 
population numbered some thirty-three whites and seventeen colored 
slaves. Spanish domination lasted until 1800, when by another secret 
treaty the vast Louisiana territory was secretly ceded by Spain back to 
France, and sold in 1803 to the United States by Napoleon I. The formal 
transfer of authority from France to the United States over Upper Louisi- 
ana took place at St. Louis, March 9, 1804, and it was the centennial of 
this event which was celebrated by the World's Fair of 1904. 

The population of St. Louis at the time of the Louisiana Purchase was 
about 1,000 whites and 300 slaves and free negroes, but settlers swarmed 




UNION STATION, ST. LOUIS 

74 










KINGSBURY PLACE, ST. LOUIS 

in soon after the change from foreign denomination ; particularly Germans. 
To such an extent did the Germans count that they entirely overshadowed, 
in a few years, the original French settlers. The names of many streets, 
however, still show the French influence and domination, and King's 
Highway, an avenue destined to be one of the most beautiful streets of 
the city, is a relic of the broad highway originally laid out for the King of 
Spain from St. Louis to the village of New Madrid, hundreds of miles 
south. 

St. Louis was a hot bed of contention during the Civil War, although no 
battles were fought in the city or near it. It was a base of supplies for the 
western troops and at Carondalet, now a part of the city, Captain James 
B. Eads built the first United States iron-clad gun boats which played so 
large a part in the Mississippi River campaign. 

Although St. Louis was always a factor in trade between the East and 
West in connection with steamer and canoe trade on the Mississippi and 
Missouri Rivers, John Jacob Astor having located here as a fur trader 
as early as 1819, the extension of railroad lines west through Missouri 
to the Missouri River and thence over the plains, and the building of the 
Eads Bridge in 1874, bringing the eastern trunk lines across the river, 
gave the city its great commercial impetus. The Merchants Bridge, over 
which some of the Pennsylvania System trains cross the river, was built 
in 1890. 

The value of St. Louis manufactures approximates $400,000,000. 
Prominent lines are dry goods, boots and shoes, street cars, beer, tobacco 
and cigars. In two lines — hardware and woodenware — it boasts the 
largest concerns in the world. 

The city has a series of eighteen public parks, of which the four large 
parks — Forest, O'Fallon, Tower Grove, and Carondelet — are connected 
by a system of boulevards carried across Mill Creek Valley by a magnificent 
viaduct. The best known of the parks is Forest Park, where the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition was held in 1904. In this park stand the granite 
buildings of Washington University, which were occupied as the executive 
offices of the Exposition staff during the World's Fair. There is also 
Shaw's Garden, where flowers and plants gathered from all parts of the 
world are grown and carefully tended. 

Twenty-two lines of railway meet in Union Station, one of which is 
electric, and four of which extend both east and west of St. Louis. This 
station, standing on Market Street, between Eighteenth and Twentieth 
streets, covers thirteen and a half acres. Its spacious train shed covers 
thirty-two tracks each long enough to accommodate eleven car trains. 
There is also a hotel housed in the same building with the station 
proper. 

75 



Columbus to Cincinnati 

The Pennsylvania System's through route to Cincinnati is the same 
as that traversed by through St. Louis trains as far as Xenia; 
thence, it turns almost directly southwest through the deep gorge 
of the Little Miami River, nearly to the mouth of this stream in the 
Ohio. 

As one leaves Xenia station the tracks make a steep descent through 
a picturesque glen in which tumbles Glady Stream, familiar to students 
of the exploits of Daniel Boone. For it was down this glen that Boone 
made his dash for freedom, after his escape from the Indians, on June 
16, 1778. 

Six miles south of Xenia, at Spring Valley, a most beautiful section of 
meadow land, the railroad curves into the canyon-like valley of the Little 
Miami, a rapid tumbling stream which descends 700 feet in eighty miles, 
or nine feet to the mile. 

This valley was one of the first to be occupied by a railroad line west 
of the Allegheny Mountains, trains having been run through it early in 
the last century between Cincinnati, Xenia and Springfield. 

Fort Ancient, located just beyond the twenty-third mile post west of 
Xenia, is supposed to be a relic of the prehistoric occupants of the land 
now known as the United States. If one looks up the hill, on the left- 
hand side of the train going west, the irregular eight-foot-high walls of 
this ancient fortification or communal dwelling, for it is uncertain just 
what it was built for, may be seen stretching for some distance along the 
ridge, 230 feet above the river. 

Morrow is the junction point with the Zanesville Division. Beyond 
Morrow, the railroad and the river turn toward the west, each still disput- 
ing the way of the other through the narrow gorge. At Middletown 
Junction a branch line runs northwest for some miles through the hills to 
Middletown, a prosperous city in a rich agricultural district, which was 
settled about 1794. 

Camp Dennison is noted as the spot where the Ohio troops rendez- 
voused during the war between the States. It received its name from 
Governor Dennison, who was the chief executive of the State of Ohio at 
that time. The frame buildings used as headquarters at that time are 
still standing and may be seen from passing trains. 

Between Clare and Rendcomb Junction the railroad leaves the valley 
of the Little Miami and curves westward into the valley of the Ohio. 

About five miles before the station in Cincinnati is reached what was 
once the second oldest settlement in the Northwest Territory is trav- 
ersed. This was the town of Columbia, where, on November 18, 1788, 
twenty-six hardy Pennsylvanians erected a blockhouse and laid out the 
town. 

Beyond Columbia the route lies along the steep banks of the Ohio at 
the foot of the high hills on which the greater part of the city of Cincinnati 
is built. 

Cincinnati, with a population of 400,000, is the thirteenth city of the 
United States in point of population, and next to Pittsburgh, the largest 
city in the Ohio Valley. 

Historically, Cincinnati is one of the early cities of the Middle West. 
Major Benjamin Stites, of Pennsylvania who was engaged in the Indian 
campaign in Ohio, in 1786, was so pleased with the scenery around the 
mouth of the Little Miami River that he decided to found a city there. 

The following year, Major Stites, with Judge John Cleves Symmes, a 
member of Congress from New Jersey, obtained a grant of the land on 
which the city now stands from Congress and by 1788, the little settle- 

76 



nient had begun to grow. Settlers came from Kentucky, under the leader- 
ship of Colonel Patterson and John Filson, who named the new settlement 
Losantiville. 

With the coming of St. Clair as Territorial Governor, in 1790, the name 
was changed to Cincinnati in honor of the then newly formed order of 
the Cincinnati, and as the location of Fort Washington the new town 
was for some years the center of activity in Ohio. 

With the starting of steamboat service on the Ohio in 1811 Cincinnati 
became one of the most noted stopping places for river steamers, and was 
also early noted for the number of Germans who settled there. During 
the Civil War and the years preceding it, the city was one of the stations 
on the "underground railroad." 

It is a hustling, busy city, with many and varied industrial interests. 
Its prominent lines of industry are clothing, shoes, and leather goods, 
woodworking machinery, lithography and printing, printing inks, whiskey 
and beer, pork and beef products, electrical supplies, decorative pottery 
and soap. In raw materials, Cincinnati is a great market for cotton, 
hides, wool and lumber. 

The land adjacent to the river is low. The main business section of 
the city is built on this narrow strip, extending for several miles along the 
river front. But rising abruptly behind this is a high bluff, the summit of 
which is crowned with fine residential sections, which extend for several 
miles over the hills north of the city. 

Eden Park, the largest of the city's pleasure grounds, occupies 214 
acres on this elevated section of the city. The views of the river and the 
rolling farm lands of Kentucky to be obtained from this park are extensive 
and remarkably beautiful. The Art Museum, with its wonderful collection 
of paintings, sculpture, ceramics, and metal work, is located in Eden Park. 




FOUNTAIN SQUARE, CINCINNATI 



Cincinnati to Chicago 

The Pennsylvania System's through route between Cincinnati an 
Chicago follows the same line for a little over six miles east of Cir 
cinnati as that traversed by trains between Columbus and Cincir 
nati. At Rendcomb Junction, it turns north through the high hills sui 
rounding Cincinnati, passing a number of pretty suburban towns. 

Hamilton, with a population of 40,000, a manufacturing center in 
rich agricultural district, lies on the banks of the Great Miami River, 
little over thirty miles north of Cincinnati. General St. Clair establishe 
a fort here in 1791, naming it Fort Hamilton in honor of Alexander Ham 
ilton. 

Crossing from Ohio into Indiana between Eaton and New Hope sta 
tions, the railroad extends into 

Richmond, junction point with the through route between Columbu 
and Indianapolis, and turning slightly westward traverses a fine farming 
section lying in the upper valleys of the White Water and Blue rivers. 

Muncie, terminus of the Central Indiana Railway, and the Munci< 
Branch, is an iron, steel and glass manufacturing community of abou 
20,000 people. 

New Castle is the county seat of Henry County, and a progressive cit 
of 12,000 people, who are largely engaged in the manufacture of agriculture 
implements, flour, paper boxes, iron and steel products, bridges, piano 
and furniture. 

Anderson, junction point with the Central Indiana Railway, anc 
county seat of Madison County, was one of the early settlements in Indiana 
and received its name from a Delaware Indian chieftain who ruled over 
a village here known as Anderson's town. To-day, it has a population of 
30,000, and its leading manufactures are silos, machinery, secret society 
costumes and insignia, electric attachments for automobiles, vulcanite 
roofing and automobiles. 

Elwood, with a population of 12,000, in addition to being an auto- 
mobile center, manufactures lumber, flour, tin plate and glass products. 

Kokomo, on the Wildcat River, in the center of the rich Indiana farm 
lands, is a busy city of 19,694 population, noted for its manufacture of 
automobiles, glass, pottery and other products. It is the junction point 
with the through line between Louisville, Indianapolis and Logansport. 

A little over twenty miles northwest of Kokomo, this line forms a junc- 
tion with the through line from Columbus by way of Bradford Junction. | 
Beyond, through passengers from Cincinnati traverse the same route to 
Chicago as already described in the Columbus-Chicago section. 



If 



Indianapolis to Louisville 

The Louisville Division of the Pennsylvania System runs almost 
directly south from Indianapolis through a fiat pastoral region, 
watered by the White River and its tributaries and shut off from 
the Ohio River by "The Knobs," a low-lying range of hills that stretch 
west from the valley of the White. The little stream, which the railroad 
crosses and recrosses many times between Franklin and Columbus, is 
Driftwood Creek, a tributary of the White River. 

Columbus, the largest town in this part of Indiana, is the headquarters 
for the farmers round about. It has a population of 12,000, and its manu- 
factures are largely those used by tillers of the soil. From Columbus, a 
branch line extends to 

Madison, a city of about 9,000, and an important steamer landing 
on the Ohio, as well as a manufacturing point. Madison, which was one 



of the early settlements, lies at the foot of the steep hill, which encloses 
the Ohio, and the railroad makes a very steep grade to get in and out of it. 

Following the East Fork of the White River from Columbus south the 
railroad parts company with it near Rockford Station. Beyond Seymour 
one comes in sight of "The Knobs," and near Henryville is the Forest 
Reserve of the State of Indiana. 

Jeffersonville, across the river from Louisville, with a population of 
10,4H, is a charming old town, with large manufacturing interests, chiefly 
in car shops. 

Beyond Jeffersonville the railroad curves around to the southwest and 
crosses the Ohio on a long bridge, which was constructed after much 
tribulation by the sale of script issued by the State of Indiana. 

Louisville, the terminus of the division and gateway to Kentucky for 
the Pennsylvania System, has a population of 235,114. It is the most 




ONE OF LOUISVILLE S MAIN STREETS 

important commercial city in the Blue Grass State, renowned for its fine 
horses and beautiful women. 

Louisville goes back before the American Revolution. Captain Thomas 
Hutchins, of the British Engineers, first visited the Falls of the Ohio in 
1766, when all this country was part of the territory of Virginia. His 
charming description of the beauty of the country induced Dr. John 
Connolly to locate l 2,000 acres of land — to which he was entitled for mili- 
tary service in the French and Indian war — on the south side of the 
Ohio, at its falls. In 1774, he and Colonel John Campbell had the town 
laid out and advertised lots for sale, but no one bought on account of the 
Indian wars in the vicinity. Thus the town site sunk into oblivion. 

George Rogers Clark brought some twenty immigrant families down the 
river with him when on his way to capture old Kaskaskia, and left them 
on an island in the river opposite Louisville in the early summer of 1778. 

79 



Here they stayed until Clark had captured the French forts farther west 
and put a stop to Indian marauding. Then they moved to the shore 
and Louisville became a town in fact as well as name. 

Louisville, to-day, is the largest tobacco market in the world; and in 
the production of fine, old Bourbon whiskey its sixty-six distilleries 
produce many million gallons of the corn-product every year. One of the 
three largest agricultural implement manufactories in the world — factories 
for the production of sole leather, corduroy, jeans, organs, wagons, boxes, 
flour, canned goods, soap, terra cotta and tile, wooden ware, woolen 
goods, white lead and paints, and other com rnc Cities, make it one of the 
leading markets in the Middle West. 




Pennsylvania Railroad Passenger Representatives 

OLIVER T, BOYD, Division Passenger Agent, 

263 Fifth Avenue (cor. 29th St.), New York City 

RODNEY MACDONOUGH, New England Passenger Agent, 

5 Bromfield Street, Boston, Mass. 

F. B. BARNITZ. Division Passenger Agent, 

1539 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 

WM. PEDRICK, Jr., Division Passenger Agent, 

N. E. Cor. Baltimore and Calvert Streets, Baltimore, Md. 

A. E. BUCHANAN, Division Passenger Agent, 

Telegraph Building, Harrisburg, Pa. 

DAVID TODD, Division Passenger Agent, 

Trinity Place, Williamsport, Pa. 

ROY L. STALL, Division Passenger Agent, 

Room 212, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

B. P. FRASER, Division Passenger Agent, 

Room 602-604 Brisbane Building, Buffalo, N. Y. 

RALPH H. BAKER, Special European Agent, 

Colonial House, London, England 



1 J 



)4 H 










^ 



a 4o^ 





















* ^ 




*bv* 



i*°- 




■5^ 





^°** 



AtRT 
'KBINDING 



°o 






